daries of Palestine, and in Palestine itself, the Greeks, as was natural from the situation and neighbourhood, made still greater intrusions. The many commotions which here took place furnished great inducements to them. The Ptolemies and Seleucidae had a long contest for the possession of these countries; they brought their Greeks with them, and placed them in the administration and as inhabitants of the older and more recently built cities, and stationed them as garrisons.

Antioch, the capital of hither Syria, in near connexion with Palestine, was by its founder peopled with Macedonians and Greeks,15 and obtained the reputation of Greek refinement and science.16 Not only in Antioch, but in several cities of Lower Syria, v T xάro Evoia, Macedonians and Greeks, together with Jews, were introduced as inhabitants.17

Likewise Tyre and Sidon, cities yet more ancient, which were under fewer restrictions and treated with distinction on account of their consequence, yielded to the Greek influence, and changed their language. When the rulers of the Roman empire had established their dominion in these countries, they ordered the edicts which they published at Tyre to be exposed in the public places in two languages, viz. the Latin and the Greek, that every one might be able to read them.18 The same thing took place at Sidon; a Roman edict had to be made known in the Greek and Latin languages.19 A general order to the cities of Tyre, Sidon, and Askalon, contains the same clause: "This edict shall be exposed in the temples in

15 Joseph. Ant. XII. 3. 3. Bell. Jud. VII. 3. 3.

16 Cicero pro Archia poeta, c. 3. Archias was born at Antioch, loco nobili, celebri quandam urbe et copiosa, atque eruditissimis hominibus, liberalissimisque studiis affluenti.

. .....

17 Jos. Ant. XII. 3. 1. Καὶ γὰρ Σέλευκος ὁ Νικάτωρ, ἐν αἷς ἔκτισε πόλεσιν ἐν τῇ 'Ασίᾳ καὶ τῇ κάτω Συρία τη τοῖς ἐνοικισθεῖσιν ἰσοτίμους απέδειξε Μακεδόσι καὶ "Ελλησιν . . . τοὺς Ιουδαίους.

...

18 Jos. Ant. XIV. 12. 5. "Ιν' αὐτὸ (διάταγμα) εἰς τὰς δημο σίους ἐντάξητε δέλτους γράμμασι Ρωμαϊκοῖς καὶ ̔Ελληνικοῖς, ἐν τῷ ἐπιφανεστάτῳ ἔχητε αὐτὸ γεγραμμένον, ὅπως ὑπὸ πάν των αναγινώσκεσθαι δυνήσεται.

19 Jos. Ant. XIV. 10. 2. Bovλouai dè xai 'Elinviori zai ‘Poμαϊστὶ ἐν δέλτῳ χαλκῇ τοῦτο ἀνατεθῆναι.

the Latin and Greek languages."20 In the above-mentioned edicts, the language of the legislators, as well as that of those upon whom it was incumbent to obey them, was naturally taken into consideration. As to Sidon itself, a decree of the city (somewhere about the years 144-47 before our era) is preserved upon a marble, worded in the Greek language, by which it pays honour to the commander of the body-guard of Ptolemy Philometor.21 Askalon is particularly worthy of our notice, because, being situated in Palestine, at several epochs it constituted a part of the Jewish state. It moreover produced men who distinguished themselves in Greek learning, as philosophers, historians, and grammarians.22 Such was the fortune of the principal cities.

A monument of the ancient Berytus establishes the same in regard to that city. Eastward from the present site [of Beyroot] are the remains of the colonnade of a temple, which was served by Greek priests of an order of mendicants; for there were already such even in heathen times. The following courteous inscription bespoke the charity of visitors: Ths τοῦ προσιόντος ἀνδρὸς εὐνοίας ἀεὶ σαφῆς ἔλεγκος ἡ πρόσω οψις γίνεται δίδου προθύμως ὃ παρέχεις, ἢ μὴ δίδου παρὰ γὰρ τὸ μικρὸν γίνεται πληρὴς χάρις. • The sight of an approaching visitor is an evidence of his good will; give willingly what thou offerest, or give nothing; even for a small gift there is full gratitude.' It is not possible to specify exactly the date of this inscription; but the shape of the 2, as it is given in the copies, carries it back at least into the first century.23

20 Jos. Ant. XIV. 10. 3.

21 Voyage du Paul Lucas dans la Gréce, l'Asie mineure, et l'Afrique, T. II. (the second voyage.) After the second part, (Inscriptions trouvées à Seide, n. 5.) is the said decree of the city. Ptolemy Philometor had Cleopatra his sister to wife, and banished Demetrius Soter and Alexander from the kingdom of Syria; then placed upon his own head the crown of Egypt and Syria; 1 Maccab. 11:8-13. The inscription I read thus: H nolis Apiav Aaμοθέτου, κρητα, τον αρχισωματοφυλακα, και επι της πολεως αρετής ένεκεν, και ευνοίας της εις βασιλεα Πτολεμαιον και βασίλισσαν Κλεοπατραν την αδελφην θεους φιλομήτορας, και τεχ να αυτών, και της εις αυτήν ευεργεσίας.

22 Stephan. de Urbib. V. Aoxálov.

23 Maundrell, March 18th.

The heights of Lebanon still contain the remains of ancient edifices; and among them one dedicated to the emperor Tiberius: ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΙ ΤΙΒΕΡΙΩΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΩΙ ΚΑΙ ΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩΙ ΚΑΙ etc.24

The Jews, indeed, when the incursions under Antiochus Epiphanes became too serious, preserved themselves in the interior of the country with arms in their hands, by means of the bravery of their Asmonaean chiefs, from the language and the manners of the Greeks; but many of the cities, which the Syrian kings had torn from the Jewish states and peopled with other inhabitants, they were not able to regain.

This glory remained for Aristobulus and Alexander, the first Asmonaeans who assumed royal dignity. At the death of the latter they were all, together with several others, brought under subjection to the Jews; or destroyed, where the inhabitants would not embrace Judaism.25 Yet that was not of long duration.

Pompey on his return from his expedition against Mitbridates, conducting his legions through Syria, took advantage of the dissensions among the Jewish princes, to render Palestine dependent on the Romans. On this occasion he recovered from the Jews the cities which they had taken from the Syrian kings, ordered those which had been demolished to be rebuilt, and the latter as well as the former to be restored to their former inhabitants. These were Gadara, Hippos, Scythopolis, Pella, Dios, Samaria, Marissa, Azotus, Jamnia, Arethusa, Gaza, Joppa, Dora, and Straton's Tower.26 At that time the following were rebuilt: Samaria, Azotus, Scythopolis, Anthedon, Raphia, Dora, Marissa, and Gaza.27 In all probability, they were all, if not entirely, at least partially, inhabited by Greeks, or by Syrians who spoke Greek.

Respecting some of them, we can specify it with certainty. Dora, once a city of Galilee, subsequently disputed with the Jews their right of citizenship. Claudius decided the dispute, and adjudged to the Jews an equal right of citizenship with the

24 Otto Friedr. v. Richter, Wallfahrten im Morgenlande, 1822. p. 103. at Kalaat Fakra.

25 Jos. Ant. XIII. 15. 4.

26 Jos. Ant. XIV. 4. 4.

27 Jos. Ant. XIV. 5. 3.

Greeks.28 Gadara and Hippos, on the east of Galilee, had become entirely Greek cities.29 The former even possessed men famous in Greek science.30 In the heart of Palestine, between Galilee and Judea, and formerly belonging to the former, lay Bethshan, called by the Greeks Scythopolis.31 The Greeks who resided here, after having changed the name of the city, traced back its origin in Greek mythology to Bacchus,32 and called themselves, upon their coins, Nysaean-Scythopolitans. In other respects, they have made themselves memorable by the basest treachery against their Jewish fellow-citizens.33 On the south-west border of Judea we meet with Gaza, a city of the Greeks.34

That Joppa did not remain free from the influence of the Greek language, may be inferred from its fortunes. On account of its situation and the importance of its harbour, the Alexandrian and Syrian kings often took it from the Jews, and kept it in a state of defence by means of their garrisons.35 In the days of Strabo36 the Hellenized fable of Andromeda was already transplant

28 Jos. Ant. XIX. 6. 3. "Ετι μέντοι καὶ συμπολιτεύεσθαι τοῖς “Ελλησι.

29 Jos. Ant. XVII. 11. 4. Γάδαρα καὶ “Ιππος ̔Ελληνίδες εἰσὶ nóleis. Compare Bell. Jud. II. 6. 3.

30 Strabo, XVI. 29.

31 Baivoár occurs (Joshua 17: 11) in the Alexandrine translation without explanation; but in Judges, 50: 27 Bandoav, n iori Exvdov Tols. The first of the profane writers in whom we find Σκυθῶν πόλιν is Polybius, V. 70. 4.

32 The fable is in Pliny and Solinus. Liebe, Gotha numaria, p. 335, 336, has cited it in illustration of their coins, which are inscribed Νυσαιων των και Σκυθοπολιτων. Compare Eckhel Doctrin. Num. vet. P. I. Vol. III. p. 439.

33 Bell. Jud. II. 18. 3, 4. Vita Josephi 6. The Scythopolitans summoned the neighbouring Jews to the defence of the city against their mutinous countrymen. They rushed to arms and were victorious; but were fallen upon unawares by the Scythopolitans, and in return put to death. These were Greeks, as we see from a long speech in Bell. Jud. VII. 8. 7. p. 429. ed. Haverc.

34 Jos. Ant. XVII. 11. 4. Bell. Jud. II. 6. 3.

35 Diodor. Sic. XIX. 59 and 93. 1 Macc. 10: 75. 12: 33, 34. 13: 11. 14: 34. 2 Macc. 12: 3. Joseph. Ant. XIII. 9. 2. XIV. 10. 22.

36 Strabo, XVI. 28. Also Pliny, Mela, and Solinus.

ed hither, for the purpose of procuring ancient renown for the place, and of retracing it back to times when no Judaism yet existed.

Afterwards Herod found means to elevate himself to the throne of the Asmonaeans, first through the favour of Antony, and then through that of Augustus. When he saw himself secured in the possession of it, he and his sons after him either built new cities in honour of the Cesars, or embellished the old ones, and put Greek inhabitants into them. The greatest and most magnificent was Cesarea, the capital of the country next to Jerusalem, and principally peopled with Greeks. But they became so ungrateful after the death of the king, that they denied to the Jews a share in the city. Nero afterwards declared, against the Jews, that the Greeks were the masters of the city.38 They fared worse at Tiberias; under the same king, the Jews fell upon their fellow-citizens, the Greeks, and completely overthrew them.39 Thus far chance has favoured us with the testimonials of history in regard to the cities of the Herods; if the catalogue be not very copious, let it be recollected, that I am referred to only a single source, namely, Josephus, who only makes mention of the Greeks when some remarkable occurrence requires him to do so.

Respecting other cities, we can only infer from circumstances or from the testimony of numismatics. Cesarea by Panium,40 built by Philip, had temples, theatres, a stadium, and coins stamped in the Greek language, under Augustus, Caius Cesar, The impressions of others may be easily found in Eckhel and Rasche.

etc.

* Bell. Jud. III. 9. 1. Καισάρειαν μεγίστην τῆς δὲ ̓Ιουδαίας πόλιν, καὶ τὸ πλέον ὑφ ̓ ̔Ελλήνων ἐνοικουμένην. Compare II.

13. 7.

38 Bell. Jud. II. 14. 4. Καὶ οἱ Καισάρεων "Ελληνες, νικήσαν τες παρὰ Νέρωνι τῆς πόλεως ἄρχειν.

39 Vita Josephi 12, where the inhabitants are said to have killed πάντας τοὺς ἐνοικοῦντας "Ελληνας.

40 So the cavern is called from which the Jordan springs, Ilavεiov, Pan's Cavern; for it was consecrated to Pan and the nymphs, as the Greek inscriptions without upon the rocks testify. Seetzen in Zach's Monathl. Correspond. Oct. 1808. p. 343. Burckhardt's Travels in Syria, Journal of a Tour from Damascus in the countries of the Libanus and Antilib. p. 39.

No. III.

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