An Essay On Colonization

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PART THE SECOND,

Confifting of CHAP. XI. Colonies attempted, or now forming, in Africa, on the
PRINCIPLES of HUMANITY, by the British, the Danes and the Swedes.

Introduction.

Dr. Smeathman's plan of colonizing Africa, § 330.-Mr. Sharp's exertions, ib.-Dr. Fo-
thergill's fuggeftion, ib. note.-Dr. Lettfom liberates his flaves, ib.-Committee for relieving
the black poor, § 331.-Mr. A. Dalrymple's plan for benefiting remote and unprovided na-
tions, § 331 note.

British. Sierra Leona.

First Directors of the Sierra Leona Company § 333- --Black poor first fent over,

334. Their mortality and it's caufes, § 335. Their difperfion, ib.-Climate of

S. Leona, population, government, religion, § 338, 339.-Natives defirous of improvement,

$339.-King Naimbanna fends his fons to Europe for education, § 340.-Cultivation and

trade, § 343-Europeans fupply natives with powder and fpirits, fuicide, inftances of kidnap-

ping, § 345, et feq.Refpectable establishment resolved on, and why, § 354-Capital

£100,000 fter. ib.-extended to £150,000, ib. note.-Laudable caution in chufing colonists,

$355.-Council to promote equal rights, &c. § 358.-Health to be the first object, § 359.

-Difficulties to be expected, § 360.-Sources of profit, § 363.-Company's object, § 366.-

Benefits to Africa, § 367.—Trade and a fugar plantation ordered to be begun, § 368.—Mine-

ralogift and botanist engaged, § 369.-Shares, votes, &c. § 370, et seq.-Nova Scotia blacks

expected, § 374-Caution of the Directors in admitting fubfcribers, &c. § 376.————Lieut.

Clarkson offers to conduct the free blacks from N. Scotia to S. Leona, § 377-1196 N.

Scotia blacks willing to embark, § 379-235,280 to be raised, ib.-Whites from England,

$380.-1131 N. Scotians arrive at S. Leona: mortality on board, § 381.-They clear land,

&c. § 382.-Mortality. Bad accommodation, § 384.-Land could not be allotted, § 385.-

Governor and council difagree, § 386.—Disorder. Mr. Clark fon appointed fole

Governor, § 387.--Sickness, diftrefs and confufion, § 389.- -Bulama colonists

arrive at S. Leona, § 390.-Comp. will promote all attempts to civilize Africa, § 391.—Diffi-

culties in diftributing land § 392.-Lands on Bullom fhore better than near town, § 395.—

Colony improves, § 397.-Suffers from the war, &c. § 398.-And the flave trade, § 399.-

Chiefs undeceived, ib.-Death of Mr. Nordenskiold, the mineralogist, § 400.—And of K.

Naimbanna's fon, § 401.-Ship York burnt, § 403.-Colony healthy in fecond rains, ib.-N.

Scotians petition, § 404.-Directors refol. thereon, § 405.—Advantages and disadvantages of

receiving

receiving the N. Scotians, § 408, 409.-Funds and expenfes ftated, § 411.-Colonization
arduous, § 414.-Mortality ftated, § 415.-Not chargeable on the Directors, nor on the cli-
mate, § 418, 419.—Trade, § 420.—Company's fhipping, factories, &c. § 422, 423.—Dollars
introduced instead of bars, § 424.-W. Indin managers, &c. introduced, § 425.-A planta-
tion begun, § 426.-Native labourers, their wages, hours of labour, &c. § 426.—Their
cloathing, &c. improved, § 427.-Canes damaged by bug-a-bugs, § 428.-Manager and la-
bourers have little differences, § 429.-Natives defire a fecond plantation, ib.-Freetown
defcribed, § 430.-Premiums for cultivation, § 432.—That of natives fluctuating, § 433.—-
Factory to buy native produce, § 434.—Blacks act as jurors, &c. § 436, et feq.—Spirit of the
government, § 439.-Character of the Company's fervants, § 440.-And of the N. Scotians
441, which, in fome refpects, excells that of the lower English, § 442; their defects, § 443;
and unreasonable claims, § 444; fufpicions of whites, and why, § 44.6; their faults owing to
flavery, § 447; this no argum. against prudent emancipation, § 448; provifion for their in-
Atruction, &c. § 452.-Slave trade obstructs civilization, § 453.-Recent inftances of kidnap-
ping, &c. 454, et feq.-A black from N. Scotia restored to his mother at S. Leona, § 457.-
Slave-trade drives the natives to the mountains, § 458.-Free blacks, taken in French ships,
fold for flaves, § 463 -Scenes in flave-ships, &c. § 467.-Shocking exceffes of Europeans to
obtain money, § 468.-Panyaring defcribed, § 469.-Bloody infurrections, § 470, 471.-Or-
mand a murderous slave-factor, § 472,-The difperfion of the first colonists, § 473.—Slave-
trade endangers every colony, § 474.-Exemplary humanity of a chief, § 475.-Some of the
firft colonists fold, ib.-One of them turns kidnapper, § 476.-Slave-trade prevents inland in-
tercourse, § 477, as in Mr. Nordenskiold's cafe, § 478.-It's fources recapitulated, debts,
wars, kidnapping, &c. § 479, et seq.—80,coo flaves annually dragged from Africa, § 484.—
Sick flave-traders relieved at S. Leona, § 485, et feq.-Americans, clandeftinely pursue the
slave-trade, though prohibited, § 488; which the Directors are taking steps to prevent, § 489.
-Comp. refolve to redeem flaves, § 490, and to conciliate chiefs, § 491.-Slave-trade ob-
ftructs cultivation, by it's mercantile profits, &c. 492, et feq. has introduced a taste for Euro-
pean goods, § 492.-Chiefs who may be expected to abandon it, and why § 495.-Instances,
§ 496, et feq.-Chiefs zealous for improvements, § 499.-Meff. Wat and Winterbottom's ex-
pedition to the Foulah country, § 500.-Government, ftate of civilization, wars, &c. of the
Foulahs, § 501; kill unfaleable flaves. ib. but faleable ones would not be killed, were the
market stopped, § 502.-Foulah king favours the plough, &c. 504.—Route to Tombuctoo
and Cashna, ib.—Incidents on the road back to S. Leona, § 505.-Intended journey to Tom-
buctoo, § 506.-Wars cease with the flave-trade, § 507.-Slave-trade diminished, near S.
Leona, § 508.-Refuse slaves put to work, § 509.-General character of the Africans, § 510.
-Palaver on death of King Naimbanna's fon, ib.-Popish black chief offers to promote
christianity, § 511.-Mandingo lady fhocked at an account of W. Indian flavery, § 512.
-Aboye 40 native children at Freetown school, § 513.-
-Natives turn out to defend the
colony, § 515.—J. H. Naimbanna's defign in coming to England, § 516,—his character,
$517-his improvement, morals, &c. § 518,-circumstances of his death, ib.-Two chiefs
fons now in England, § 520.-Advantages expected from the abolition, § 522.-The colony
attacked by a French fquadron, § 527-Mr. Afzelius's account of the colony in May,
1794, ib.

Bulama

Bulama Ifland, now Britifh.

This beautiful Inland was recommended to France, as a colony by M. de la Brue,
M. Demanet and Mr. Barber, § 528, 531. -Described, § 529 and note. -It's
colonization undertaken, § 532,—-above £9000 subscribed, ib.--Original terms of fubfcrip-
tion, § 537-Colonists engaged, &c. § 538.-Colonists attacked by Canabacs, § 539,-well
received by Portuguese, § 540.-prifoners well treated by Canabacs, ib.-Tranfactions rela-
tive to the purchase of Bulama, § 541.-Different deftinations of the colonists, § 545.-Mor-
tality out and home, § 546, (fee alfo § 933, et feq.)-not to be attributed to the climate, § 546.
-Ship of war ordered to affist the colony, § 547-Reafons for additional fubfcriptions,
$548.-Letters defcriptive of the foil, climate, &c. § 550.-Mr. Beaver left with 20 men,
$552.-Vote of thanks, &c. to him and Mr. Hood, ib. note.- -Bijugas meditate an attack,
$553.-Block-houfe, &c. erected, § 554.-General defpondency and fick nefs, § 555.-Vifit
of the Canabacs, § 556,—which alarms and harraffes the colonists, § 557.-Colony extremely
weak, § 559.-Another vifit of the Canabacs, § 560.-Mr. Beaver affifts S. Leona with provifions,
$562.-Ship of war approaches Bulama § 563,--mifled by bad charts § 564.--Vifit of Bijugas,
$565.-Capt. of man of war mufters the colony. His kindness, § 566.-Bijugas, though 150 ftrong,
retreat and why, § 567.-Land cleared and ready for the plough, § 568.-Capt. Moore quarrels
with the Portug. and detains Mr. Beaver's dispatches, which ruins the colony, § 570.-Har-
mony between the colony and it's neighbours, § 572.-Hankey, falsely reported to have the
plague, is put under quarantine, § 573,-which prevents application for a charter, § 574.
S. Leona Comp. kindly orders the Felicity to call at Bulama with supplies, § 575.—Greater
fupplies fent, but arrived not in time, § 576.—Lands cleared, &c. Hens and goats in plen-
ty, European and tropical vegetables thrive, § 577.-Number of labourers, § 578.-S.
Leona Comp. generously furnish 10 barrels of pork, ib.-colony only wanted men, ib.-Bi-
afaras invite Mr. Beaver to build a town, ib.—Mr. Beaver fooths the impatient colonists,
$579-who perfift in their intention to leave Bulama, § 580. Mr. B. reluctantly yields,
and why, ib.-arrives at S. Leona: his opinion of the Bulama undertaking, § 581.—
Supplies arrive a month after the evacution, § 582.-Statement of accounts, § 583.

-Trustees' opinion of a future undertaking, § 584,-if in war, a fmall one recommend-
ed, § 585,-estimated expenfe, § 586,-means of defraying it, § 587.-Lands to be
devided in the beginning of the 2d. year, § 588.-Trustees' opinion of foil, &c. of Bulama,
$589.-Petition for a charter prepared, § 591.-African facts not yet published, § 592.
-Civilization the great object of the British colonies in Africa, § 593.- -Prefent Europe-
ans pecuniarized, ib.-Names of subscribers to African colonization, § 594.—A cafe of
real and preffing distress, ib.

Aquapim. Danifh.

Dr. Ifert, a German gentleman, founds this colony, § 596.-Danish government fupport
it, § 597,-Slaves temporarily introduced, § 598.-Dr. Ifert dies and Lieut. Col. Rohrs
is appointed to fucceed him, § 599--Gov. Biorn's account of the colony, ib.

Swedish Defign or Attempt.

Meeting at Norkioping, in 1779, § 601,-propofe to form a new community, in Africa,
§ 603, 604.-Their opinion confirmed by Des Marchais, &c. 605.-Outline of their plan,

§ 606.

606.-New claffification of the community, independent of all feudal ideas, ibid. No. 3 note.
-Oppofition of the flave-trade, § 607.-King of Sweden grants a charter to 40 families, § 609.
-M. Chauvel's plan for fearching for gold, § 610.The author's petition granted,
$611.-Objects of the author's voy. to Africa, § 612.-Difficulties in France furmounted,
§ 61 3.-Arrival in Africa, § 614-Chev. de Bouffler's excellent character, ib.-The author's
excurfions, § 615.-Disappointments, and their causes, ib.-French Senegal Company rapa-
cious, ib. note.-Return to Europe, § 616.-C. Verd eligible for colonization, § 617.-
Causes of the author's ftay in England, § 618.-Promifing aspect of his object, § 619;-was
led into great danger by minifterial artifice in Sweden, ib. note;—is engaged by the British
miniftry to go to Africa, and a veffel equipped, ib.-is disappointed in England by a threat-
ened war with Spain, § 620;-enters into the cotton manufacture, and why, ib. note.-His
prefent hopes, 621.

APPENDIX.

Containing Notes, Quotations, and Documents, fome of which,
had they been fooner obtained, might have been more properly
inferted in the Body of the Work.

Dr. Smeathman's Letters refpecting Africa.

Produce, § 622, 627.-Tendency of the Doctor's plan, § 623, et feq.-Government and
ftate of the flaves, § 628.-Why traders become chiefs, § 629.-Free fociety might easily be
formed, ib.--Cultivation and trade, § 632.-Natives unite their exertions in certain inftances,
§633,-their character misrepresented, § 635,—and might be improved, § 636.—Customs
against industry, § 637.-Might be reformed by good laws, § 638.-White tradefmen, &c.
to be chofen as colonists, § 640.-Also free blacks from the W. Indies, § 641.-A mixed
people eafily formed into a fociety, § 642.-Propofed fituation, § 643.-Seeds, &c. to be car-
ried out, ib.-Preservation of health, 646.-Heads of the Doctor's plan, 648.-His letters
among the valuable MSS. of Dr. Lettfom, § 650.—His difinterested spirit of enterprize, ib.

Transcript of a Paper of a Quantity of Gold, up the River Gambay, in 1693.”
Published by the Rev. W. Derham, F. R. S. in 1726.

The quantity of gold great, § 651.-Directions respecting the boat and chemical apparatus,
5652.-Marks to find the place, § 656.-Sea-horses and crocodiles troublesome, § 659.-
63 gr. gold from 5lb. fand, &c. § 666.-Above 12lb. 5 oz. got in 20 days, ib.-River shallow,
water bad, § 667.-Gold in an astonishing quantity, § 669.

From Dr. Franklin's Effays on Luxury, &c.

Innocent luxury promotes industry, § 670.-Navigation, when useful and when noxious,
§ 671.-Sugar may be said to be tinged with human blood, § 673.-Dearer in Paris and
London than in Vienna, 674. (See § 268.)

Notes and Documents refpecting S. Leona and Bulama.

Note A-Colony propofed by an Afr. king, in 1726, § 676.—Frustrated by a slave-cap-
tain's villainy, ib.

Note B.-First colonists of S. Leona moftly profligates, § 677.-Provided with neceffaries
by Government, and with comforts by Mr. Sharp, § 678.—Their mortality in England; fail
under Capt. Thompson, § 679.-Would not work, § 680.-Mortality from bad huts,
$681.-Obliged to plant, § 682.-Capt. T's fhip loft but one man, § 685.-Bad water
down the coast, ib.-Excellent water at S. Leona, ib.-Mr. Sharp fends a veffel to relieve
the colony. § 687,-but the captain deceives him, ib.--Many colonists emigrate, 2 fold as
flaves, M. of W. ordered to call at S. L. § 688.-St. George's Bay Co. incorporated as S. L.
Co. § 689.-First minutes of the former, § 690.

Note C.-Situation of the colonists after their dispersion, § 691.

Note D.-Mr. Falconbridge fixes them at Granville town, § 692.

Note E.-Accounts, old and new, of the climate, &c. of S. Leona, proving that the gen--
tlemen concerned had very good reafons for fixing the colony there, § 693.

Note F.-The author paffes over the article Produce, in the report becaufe he has already
bestowed a chap. (the 5th,) on that fubject, § 694. (See alío § 622, and 792, et jeq.)
Note G.-Caufes of the general profligacy of blacks in London, § 695.

Note H.-First terms offered to colonists by the S. Leona Company, § 696.

Note I.-The author acknowledges the attention which the Directors have paid to fome
gentlemen whom he recommended to them, § 697:

Note K.-Danger of the colony's enemies becoming Directors, § 698;may be avoided
by giving the colonists a share in the government, § 699.

Note L.-Ill ufage of black American loyalists, § 700; iniquitoufly enslaved, by unprin
cipled whites fwearing to a property in them, ib.Slavery corrupts mafters, § 702;-
proved by the crowds of ufelefs black domeftics kept in Jamaica and Barbadoes, ib.

Note M.-Sketch of the hift. of the question of the Abolition of the Slave-trade, § 704;—

and of the writings and exertions of Mr. T. Clarkson and Mr. J. Clarkson in that great

cause, § 706.

Note N.-Public fample-room, in a new cólony, recommended, § 708.

Note O.-Bulama colonists wished not to intrude at S. Leona, § 710.-Many of them pro-

fligates, fome of them perfons of refpectability, § 711.

Note P.-Mr. Dawes, Mr. Watt, and Mr. Macauley, how employed before they went to

S. Leona, § 712.

Note Q-Is a reference to Note BB.