Confifling of ten Chapters, nine of which treat on the Formation of Colonies, on PRIN-
CIPLES of COMMERCE, combined with HUMANITY. The tenth Chap. con-
tains fome Account of the Colonies already formed in Africa, on PRINCIPLES
of COMMERCE unconnected with HUMANITY.

Introduction.

R. Sparrman, Capt. Arrhenius, and the Author, make a Voyage to Afr.-Dr. S. and the
Author examined by the British Privy Council.-Profeffor Zimmerman's opinion of Afr.

CHAP. I.

Obftructions to Colonization, particularly in Africa.
Plans of firft European colonists ill digefted, §1.-Afr. neglected, and why, § 2, 3.-Slave-
trade, 4.-W. Indies derive importance from Africa, § 5.-Oppofition of Merchants and
Planters, 6.-Objections answered, § 7, et feq.

CHA P. II.

Character and Difpofition of the Africans.

Governments, &c. form national characters, § 11.-Afr. character misrepresented, § 12.-

Civilized nations governed by reason; uncivilized, by the paffions, § 14.—The real character

of the Africans sketched, § 15, et feq.-Corrupted by Europeans, § 19.-Instance in a chief,

§ 21.-Proofs of their industry and intelligence, § 23, et seq.

CHA P. III.

Civilization in general.

Will and understanding the leading faculties, $ 31.-Education and civilization defined

and compared, § 32, et feq.-Innocent luxury promotes civilization, § 36. (See also § 708,

727, et seq. 758.)—Agricultural colonies recommended, § 40. (See also § 173, et feq. 606,

-757, et feq.)

3 D

CHAP.

CHA P. IV.

Climate, Soil, and Water.

Wet and dry feafons, $ 43.-Quantity of rain, § 45.-Thermometer and barometer, § 46.

-Soil from C. Blanco to Gambia, § 47.-Bafaltes, § 48.-Adanfon's account of foil from

Gambia to Nunez, § 49.-European factories ill fituated, § 50.-Qualities of rain and river

water, &c. § 51, 52.-Guinea worm, § 52.-How to cool and purify water, 53, 54

Slave-fhips bring little produce, § 55.-Wood veffels deal in flaves, § 56.-E. and W. In-

dians oppofe import. of African produce, § 57.-Produce rots in Africa for want of convey-

ance, § 58.-Valuable E. and W. Indian productions indigenous in Africa, § 59.-Animals,

§ 60.-Rice, wild fugar-canes, cotton, and indigo, woods, pepper, nutmegs, &c. § 61, et seq.

-Afr. cotton tried, § 64, (and used at Manchester, § 271.)—Hist. of coffee, § 69, note.-

400,000 guineas coined from Afr. gold, in one year, § 70.-Iron mines 700 miles up the

Senegal, $71.

The Means of preferving Health.

Men and plants affected by transplantation, § 73.—Europeans regardless of health in Afr.

$ 74, 75.-Afr. if cleared, would be healthful, § 75.-Inftance in St. Salvador, § 76, 80.-

Commerce preferred to health, § 77. (See alfo § 231, note, 271, note, 777.)-Causes of mor-

tality of foldiers and failors, and why fhips of war are healthful § 78.-Comparative falubrity

of different places, § 80.-Houfes, temporary and permanent, § 84, et feq. (See alfo plate I.)

-Diet, §87.-Sleep, drefs, and employment, § 88.-Cold bath, § 90.- Spirits to be kept

up, § 91.-Mind comparatively neglected by phyficians, § 92, et feq.-Who ftand Afr. cli-

mate beft, § 95.-Mortality at Senegal escaped by temperance, § 97.

CHAP. VII.

General Reflections on Colonies, and the means of promoting them.

Colonial policy of modern Europe contracted, § 100.-It's evil confequences, § 102-Set-

tlements and colonies diftinguished, ib. note.-Nations and their colonies compared to parents

and children, § 104, et feq.-Caufes of difcord between nations and their colonies, § 109.-Gre-

cian colonies, why profperous, § 110.-Some modern colonies originated in folly and injustice,

$111. Others ftunted by monopoly and oppreffion, § 112.-Commiffion Commerce fhould be

encouraged in a new colony, § 114.-Communication between diftant regions of Afr. already

open, 115, note.-Speculation commerce pernicious, § 116.-Speculators unconnected with

any community, § 117.-Lord Chatham's opinion of them, § 118.-Dr. Arbuthnot's, ib. note.

-And Dr. Johnfon's, § 119.--Their operations tend to enflave mankind, § 121.- Because

money is become independent of commodities, § 122.-Commercial colonies tend to flavery,

agricultural to liberty. § 123.-Neceffity of caution in forming colonies, § 125 -How co-

lonists

lonifts fhould be encouraged, § 126, 127.-Choice of colonists, § 128, 129.-Native chiefs to

be conciliated, § 130.-Ufe of the Plough recommended, § 132.—Objections answered, § 133.

-Plough has been used successfully in the W. Indies, § 136.-Why not univerfally used

there, § 137-Remarkable inftance of it's fuccefs in the W. Indies, ib.—Commonly used in

the E. Indies, § 139.-Moft tropical articles may be raised with it, § 140.-LI. queries con-

cerning the inverted ftate of agriculture, finance, and commerce in European communities,

and hinting at 3 fpecific regulations in qu. XLIV. and LI.) § 142.

СНАР. VIII.

Hints on the Effentials of a colonial Government.

Education, § 143.-Colonists should inftruct natives by schools and apprenticeships, § 144,

et feq. 161, note. -Ridiculous education of two O'Taheiteans in Europe, § 146, note.-Afr.

idea of God, § 149.-Toleration recommended, § 150.-Employments, § 151.-Contracts ma-

trimonial, focial, and civil, § 152, et feq.-Political balance, § 155.-Laws, judicial, political,

and œconomical, § 157, et feq.-External worship, § 161.-Health, 162.-Cultivation of raw

materials, § 163.-Manufactures, § 164.-Commerce, § 165.-Internal polity and defence, by

frankpledge, § 166, et feq.—Finances, § 170.-Political arrangements, § 171.

CHAP. IX.

Specific Propofitions applied to the Cafe of a new Colony.
Syftem recommended, § 172.-Reasons for selecting a particular part of Afr. § 173, note.-

Prop. I. Directors of two claffes, and their departments, § 174, et feq.-Organization of go-

vernment, 179.-Prop. II. That the Directors fell the lands to proper perfons, to be cultivated

in a limited time, § 180, 181.-Excellent W. Indian regulations to this effect, § 180, note.-

Cleared islands dry, but healthful, ib.—Prop. III. Rights of colonists and subscribers, § 182.-

Prop. IV. Two courts of directors; deliberative in Europe, and executive in the colony, § 183.

-Prop. V. Directors must have visited the colony, § 184.—British colonies make their own

laws, 184, note.-Jamaica abfentees heavily taxed, ibid.-Prop. VI. That oaths be difal-

lowed, because abused, § 185, and it's note.—Prop. VII. That commerce be free, and that

flave-traders be expelled, § 186.—Prop. VIII. That fubfcriptions, in money or goods, be

opened, at £60 for 500 acres of land (in Bulama,) § 187, 188.-Prop. IX. That all African

afsociations act harmoniously, § 189.-Prop. X. That the current medium be founded on la-

bour, § 190.-Prop. XI. That frank pledge be introduced, § 191-Prop. XII. That a store

and discounting accounts be kept, § 192.-Prop. XIII. That the colonifts be taxed in 3 claffes,

§ 194. (See § 606, No. 3.)—Prop. XIV. That the purchase of land be limited, § 195.-

Prop. XV. That unmarried colonists be taxed, and married ones partly exempted, § 196.—

Prop. XVI. That arrefts for debt be difallowed, because of their deplorable effects, § 197,

and it's note.-Prop. XVII. That mechanical inventions be encouraged, § 198.

CHAP. X.

Colonies formed or attempted in Africa on the Principles of Commerce by the Portuguefe, Spaniards, French, Dutch, &c.

.. PORTUGUESE first explored the African Coaft; but their communications fparing, and their orthography unfettled § 200.-This sketch of Portug. Afri. reviewed by Col. Bolts ib. note. A werri § 202.- Angola § 203.-Congo § 204.-Lango and Benguela § 205.-Religious fociety at Loando have 12,000 flaves § 205.-Miffionaries § 207.-Portug. flave-trade § 208 and 239 note.-Sofala produces yearly £1,666,666 in gold § 212.-Mount Ophir § 213.Mozambique, governor's duties above £60,000 fter. yearly $215.-Melinda city contains 30,000 Portug. &c. § 217.- Madeira described § 221 et feq.-Yields 30,000 pipes of wine yearly 224.-It's animals, &c. § 224, 225.-Imports fish from Sweden and America § 225. -Swedish commerce and board of commerce § 225 note.-Inhabitants § 226, 227.-Government and revenue § 228.-Swarm of priests.§ 230.-Population, births, deaths § 231.— C. de Verd Islands described § 232, 233.-Inhabitants oppreffed by monopoly § 234, and by defpots and priests § 235.-Cloathed from Rag-fair in London, ib. note.-Complexion depends chiefly on climate and mode of life § ib.-Agriculture bad § 236.—Dreadful famine in 1773, ib. note, alfo § 241.-Exports St. Jago cloths, cattle to the Weft Indies, &c. § 237.-Harbours 239.-Curious ftones § 240.-People enflaved by the Duque D'Aveiro § 241.-10,000 of them fent to Biffao, where they moftly died § 242.-Sugar mills § 243.-Whale fishery, orchella, manufactures § 244.-St. Thomas, it's produce, trade and manufactures 245 et feq.Produces the true cinnamon § 246 note.-Prince's Island, &c. eligible for colonies § 249.

SPANISH. CANARY ISLANDS § 251.-Tenerife it's productions § 253.—Pike ib.—— Population, manufactures, &c. § 254.—Gran Canaria it's produce, population, &c. fometimes diftreffed by locufts § 255, 256.-Palma it's produce, &c. fern-bread § 257.-Lancerota and Fuerteventura infefted by afses, abound with orchella; Lancerota fertilized by a volcano § 258. Swedish orchella monopolized by means of corruption § 258 note.-Wheat better than European 259.-Gomera might fubfift independently of other countries § 260.-Ferro § 261. Humane policy of Spain, population, character of Canarians, inquifition, difeafes, commerce, § 262 et feq.-Comparative humanity of European nations to flaves § 263 note.-Revenue exceeds that of British America and W. Indies § 268.

FRENCH. ISLE DE BOURBON, exports § 270.-Bourbon and Surat cotton compared § 271.--Operations on cotton where it grows, healthful, in Europe unhealthful, and why 271 note.-Ile de France, population of it and Bourbon § 272.-Spices thrive there, and the Dutch attempt to deftroy them by corrupting the gardeners § 273.-Dutch profits on fpices £750,000 annually ib.-Madagafcar's former flourishing establishments there § 274.Colony attempted, in 1767, § 275.—Benyowsky's enterprize in 1772, § 276, is not properly fitted out 227, oppofed at the I. de France § 278, lands in Madagascar § 279, builds a fort and makes roads § 280, distributes lands and digs a canal § 281, fome chiefs oppose, others fupport him § 282, cloaths his troops in the country cloth § 282, not supported by

the

the French miniftry ib. reported to be the fon of a native princefs § 284, acknowledged as

fuch by feveral chiefs § 285, interrogated by 2 French commiflioners, receives their cirtificate

and refigns § 286, ftatement of his accounts ib. note, ftates to the commiffioners fome most

interefting particulars relative to the population and refources of Madagascar § 287; his plan

for colonizing that ifland ib. note; is declared Ampanfacabe § 288; empowered to treat with

France, for which he embarks § 289; inconfiftency of the French miniftry § 291.-The

Count offers His Britannick Majefty 5000 foldiers and 2000 failors § 292, fails from London

to Baltimore and thence to Madagascar, where he lands § 294; is killed by a party of French

§ 296, his character § 298, infidious conduct of the French miniftry § 299, Madagascar cot-

ton equal to Bourbon ib. note.

DUTCH. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, Van Riebeck propofes a colony there § 300.-Libe-

rality and prudence of the Dutch E. India Co. § 301.--Obj. against colonizing in time of

war ib. note.-Expense 1,000,000 of guilders annually, for the first 20 years § 302.--Difficul-

ties very great § 303.-Soil, climate, animals, &c. § 304.--Exports, farming, tenure of

lands § 305, 306.-Dutch and Portug. policy contrafted § 307.-Mortality of men kid-

napped by the Dutch Zeelvercoopers, or Soul-mongers, § 307.-No toleration at the Cape

$308.-Government, revenue, military and population § 309, et feq.

AUSTRIAN. DELAGOA BAY, Portug. fettle there § 312, and Dutch § 313.-Col.

Bolts undertakes to colonize it for Auftria § 315; fails in 1776, and is oppofed by commer-

cial bodies § 316; arrives, buys land, builds temporary houses, and begins trade § 317, et feq.

goes to India, whence he fends a Mahommedan miffionary § 320.-Natives intelligent, &c.

§ 321.-Wild fugar canes, cotton, rice, gold, &c. ib.-The colony thrives, but Prince Kau-

nitz difavows it, and the Portug. break it up § 322.-Col. Bolts the reftorer of the Auftrian E.
India trade § 323.-Ridiculous claims of Spain and Portugal § 324.-Ridiculous grant of
Cha, II. to the Eng. Afr. Co. § 325.—He and his brother, Ja. D. of York, were flave
traders, ib.-Charles II. was alfo concerned in privateering, ib.

NEW ANECDOTES. Col. Bolts confulted by Guft. III. about a Swedish colony § 326.

-New plan of the Afr. association of London for exploring Afr. § 327.

ADVERTISEMENT. The reader cautioned against misunderstanding the author's
meaning refpecting colonization on commercial principles; which he entirely difapproves.
Caufes of the delay of this publication.-The plan enlarged, which gave rife to its divifion in-
to two parts.

CONTENTS