Tesva in the Table means "the right," and may be compared with the Gothic taíhsvó. In the Latin Table it is written dersua, which is nearer to the Lat. dextra. That merstus must mean "propitious" or "salutary," is clear from the passages in which it occurs, as well as from the use of mers. A few lines lower we have (I. b, 18): sve-pis habe purtatutu pue mers est, feitu uru pere mers est. Comp. VI. b, 54: so-pir habe esme pople portatu ulo pue mers est, fetu uru pirse mers est. The meaning seems to be: si quis habet portatum aliquid ubi salutare est, facito ustionem prout salutare est. The etymology of mers is quite uncertain. Grotefend connects it with medicus, Lassen with merx. The passage before us will mean: Inde stipulator parram dextram, tibi, civitati Iguvina, i. e. "Thereupon make good the propitious owl for thee and the city of Iguvium."

§ 9. Extracts from the Litany in Tab. VI. a.

A complete examination of the whole of the Eugubine Tables does not fall within the limits of this work, and I will only add a few extracts from the Litany in the sixth Table.

VI. a 22. Teio subokau suboko, 23. Dei Grabovi, okri-per Fisiu, tota-per liovina, erer nomne-per, erar nomne-per; fos sei, paker sei, okre Fisei, 24. Tote Tiovine, erer nomne, erar nomne :

i. e. te invoco invocationem, Jupiter Grabovi, pro monte Fisio, pro urbe Iguvina, pro illius nomine, pro hujus nomine; bonus sis, propitius sis, monti Fisio, urbi Iguvinæ, illius nomini, hujus nomini.

VI. a: 24. Arsie, tio subokau suboko, Dei Grabove:

i. e. adsis, te invoco invocationem, J. Gr.

In both these passages sub-okau is the verb for sub-vocam, and sub-oco is a noun, so that the construction is like Cato's: te bonas preces precor (R. R. 134, 139).

Arsier, frite tio subokau 25. suboko D. Gr.

Here frite is written for rite, just as we have frango by the side of pnyvvu; fragen, fluo, as well as rogo, luo (Xovw);

f-ragum, páč; f-renum, "rein;" f-rigere, rigere, &c.; and in these tables probably f-ri for rus, f-rosetom for rogatum, &c.

VI. a: 26. D. Gr., orer ose, persei okre Fisie pir orto est, toteme Iovine arsmor dersekor subator sent, pusei nep heritu.

=

This passage is somewhat more difficult. It appears to me that the particles per-sei, pu-sei, mark the opposition of the protasis to the apodosis, “as"—" so," prout-ita. The chief difficulty here is in the word arsmo-r, which, however, occurs very frequently in the Tables. It is clearly the plural of arsmo. If we examine one of the numerous passages in which the word is found, we may be inclined to conjecture that it means a man or functionary of some sort. Thus in VI. a, 32, we have: D. Gr. salvo seritu okrer Fisier, totar Tiovinar nome; nerf, arsmo, veiro, pequo, kastruo, fri, salva seritu; which must surely mean: J. Gr. salvum servato nomen ocris Fisii, urbis Iguvinæ, salvos servato principes (i. e. neriones), arsmos, viros, pecua, prædia, segetes. Now Lassen has shown (Rhein. Mus. 1834, p. 151) that dersecor must be a derivative from disseco, and that, like mergus, vivus, from mergere, vivere, it must have an active signification. We have the verb der-seco dis-seco in the form dersikust, dersikurent (dis-secassit, dis-secaverint). Consequently, arsmor dersecor must mean arsmi dissecantes, or dissicentes (for dissico, 4. conj., see Gronov. Lect. Plautin. p. 87). Subator sent is either subacti sunt or subjecti sunt, i. e. submissi sunt. On the whole, it is most probable that arsmus means a priest; and the following seems to be the true analysis. of the word. If we compare al-mus, "the nourisher," with alu-mnus, "the nourished," and other forms in -mnus (New Crat. § 410), we may conclude that ars-mus has an active signification in reference to its first syllable. Now we have the root ars- in the Etruscan hărus-pex, and probably in âra = âsa = ars-a. And whatever is the meaning of the root of these two words, it is clear that it is not inconsistent with that which we should expect in ars-mus. Accordingly, it is a reasonable conjecture that ars-mus = harus-mus means a sacrificial priest, or altarman. If this supposition be correct, we shall have no great difficulty in translating the passage before us. Pir occurs so often in connexion with vuku focus, asaara, uretuurito,

=

&c. that it must mean "fire," cf. Gr. wup, O. H. G. fiur, N. H. G. feuer, O. N. fyr, Engl. fire. Orer is a deponent form of oro, after the analogy of precor, euxouai. Ose is probably ore. Nep stands for nec, as in Oscan, but does not imply any disjunction: nor did nec or neg in old Latin; compare nec-lego, nec-quidquam, &c., and see Festus, p. 162, sub vv. neclegens and nec. Müller (Suppl. Annot. p. 387) supposes that the disjunctive nec or neque, and the negative nec or neg, were two distinct particles. To me it appears that nec or neg is never used for non except either as qualifying a single word—negligo1, nec-opinans, neg-otium,—in a conditional clause, as in the passages quoted by Festus, and Cato R. R. 141,-or in a prohibition, as here; in all which cases the Greeks used μn and not où, and the Romans generally ne and not non. Nego is a peculiar case; the Greeks said ου φημι οὕτως ἔχειν for φημὶ μὴ οὕτως ἔχειν: and the same principle may be applied to explain οὐχ ἥκιστα, οὐ γὰρ ἄμεινον, &c. In a case like this the Romans seem to have used nec as qualifying and converting the whole word, in preference to non. Müller supposes that negritu, quoted by Festus (p. 165) as signifying ægritudo in augurial language, stands for nec-ritu. I think it must be a corruption for ne-gritu[do]: see below, Ch. VII. § 5. Heritu is the imper. of hri, "to take away," Sanscrit hri = capere, tollere, demere, auferre, rapere, abripere, Welsh hura. The whole passage then may be rendered: J. Gr. precor precatione, quoniam in ocri Fisio ignis ortus est, in urbe Iguvina sacerdotes dissecantes submissi sunt,-ita ne tu adimas.

1 Prof. Newman (Regal Rome, p. 26) says that neg-ligo is to be compared with nach-lassen, and exhibits the German nach “after”'—a particle unknown to Latin. I believe he is not responsible for this puerile derivation, which evinces a complete ignorance of the part which nec or neg plays in Latin words, and of the connexion of this particle with nach. We shall see when we come to the Etruscan language that nak occurs in an inscription with the sense "in" or down in ;" and in this or a similar sense na or nach is used in all the Sclavonian and German dialects-to say_nothing of po-ne, si-ne, &c. in Latin. The guttural at the end of où-F, où-xí, does not differ from that in ne-c, ne-que; and as the Sanscrit ava-k, which is obviously connected with the Greek où-κ: =va-Fa-K (New Crat. § 189) signifies deorsum, we can easily reconcile the different significations of these particles.

§ 10.

Umbrian words which approximate to their Latin

synonyms.

This may suffice as far as the direct interpretation of the Tables is concerned. In conclusion, it may be well to give a list of those words in the Umbrian language which approach most closely to their Latin equivalents. And first, with respect to the numerals, which are the least mutable elements in every language, it is clear that tuves (duves), tuva (duva), and tris, treia, correspond to duo and tres, tria. Similarly tupler (dupler) and tripler represent duplus and triplus, and tuplak (III. 14) is duplice. It is obvious, too, that petur is "four," as in Oscan; see VI. b, 10: du-pursus, petur-pursus, i. e. bifariam, quadrifariam. As to the ordinals, prumum is primum, etre (etrama) is alter, and tertie (tertiama) is tertius. The other words may be given in alphabetical order:

Abrof (apruf) (VII. a, 3)= apros.
Ager (Tab. XXVII. 21).
Ahes-no (III. 8, 19) = ahenus.
Alfu (I. b, 29) = albus (àxpós).
Amb-, prefix.

Ander (anter) (VI. b, 47. I. b, 8)
inter (sim. in Oscan).

Angla or ankla (VI. a, 1)=aquila
(comp. anguis with exis, unda
with dwp, &c., see New Crat.,
p. 303).

Anglome (VI. a, 9)= angulus.
An-tentu (passim) = in-tendito.
Ar-fertur (VI. a, 3) = affertor.

Arputrati (V. a, 12) = arbitratu.

Der-sikurent (VI. b, 62) = disse-
caverint.

Der or ter, later ders or dirs, from
deda, a reduplicated form of da =
dare. It is sometimes found
under the forms duve or tuve,
especially in composition with
pur, as in pur-tuvi-tu = pro-dito
or por-ricito (II. a, 24).
Dekuria or tekuria (II. b, 1) =
decuria, i. e. decu-viria.
Destru or testru (I. a, 29) = dexter.
Dice or tice (II. a, 17) = decere.
Ditu (VI. b, 10) = dicito.

Du (VI. b, 50)= duo.

Ar-ceitu (I. b, 6) = advehito (cf. | Dupla (VI. b, 18), so also numer

arvis and arves).

Asa (VI. a, 9, et passim) = ara.
Asiane (I. a, 25)= Asiano.
Atru (I. b, 29) = ater.
Aveis (VI. a, 1) = avibus, &c.
Benes (I. b, 50) = venies.
Bue (VI. a, 26, et passim) = bove.
Cesna (V. b, 9) = cœna.

tupler (V. a, 19)—comp. numer prever (V. a, 18) and numer tripler (V. a, 21). Erom (VII. b, 2) = eum. Etu (VI. b, 48) = ito. Fakust (IV. 31)=fecerit.

Famerias Pumperias (VIII. a, 2) =familia Pompilia.

Kastruo (VI. a, 30, et passim) = Prokanurent (VI. a, 16) = pro