Hirmin (the Arminius of Tacitus) in those Low-German languages with which the Sabine and other Italian idioms were so intimately connected. Grimm says (Deutsche Mythol. p. 328, 2d edit.): "die Sachsen scheinen in Hirmin einen kriegerisch dargestellten Wódan verehrt zu haben." We find a further confirmation in the fact, that his name was Titus Herminius ; for not only does Titus signify "warrior" (Fest. p. 366, Müller: "Tituli milites appellantur quasi tutuli, quod patriam tuerentur, unde et Titi prænomen ortum est"), but the Titienses, or Tities, were actually "the Sabine quirites (spearmen)," the second tribe at Rome. By a similar personification, the senior consul, Valerius, who as poplicola represents the populus, has under his orders Titus Herminius, the "warriors," and Spurius Lartius the "young nobles1;" while the other consul, Lucretius, represents the Luceres, or third class of citizens (Liv. II. 11). Even Lucretia may be nothing more than a symbol of the third order of the populus; so that her ill-treatment by Sextus will be an allegory referring to the oppression of the Luceres, who often approximated to the plebs, by the tyrannical Etruscan dynasty. It is also singular that Lucretius and Horatius, both representatives of the third class, succeed one another in the first consulship. The prænomen of Spurius Lartius does not appear to be the Latin spurius, "illegitimate," but a Tuscan derivative from super, the first vowel being omitted, according to the Tuscan custom, and the second softened into u, as in augur (also perhaps a Tuscan word) for aviger. That Spurius was a Tuscan name appears from the derivative Spurinna.

If, as seems probable, Cales is only a modification of Cares, the name of Cales Vivenna will indicate him as one of the Carites, that is as belonging to the most purely Pelasgian part of South Etruria. And then we have an additional confirmation of our belief that the Tarquinian dynasty was in the first instance at least Pelasgo-Tyrrhenian, rather than Rasenic or Rætian.

§ 20.

General Conclusion as to the mutual Relations of the old Italian Tribes.

These traditionary facts and philological deductions enable us to come to a fixed conclusion on the subject of the old population

1 At a later period these two are combined in the one designation Lars Herminius (Liv. III. 65).

of Italy, and the relations of the different tribes to one another. How they stood related to the Transpadane members of the great European family is a subsequent inquiry; but within the limits of Italy proper, we may now say, there were originally two branches of one great family,—the Umbrians, extending from the Po to the Tiber; and the Oscans, occupying the southern half of the peninsula. These nations were combined, in different degrees, with Pelasgians from the north-east. The main body of these Pelasgians assumed a distinct nationality in Etruria, and established a permanent empire there, which the Umbrians could never throw off. Another great horde of Pelasgians was settled in Latium, where they were afterwards partially conquered by the Oscans; and a mixed population of Pelasgians and Oscans extended to the very south of Italy. The Sabines, however, who were members of the Umbrian family, returned from the hills, to which the Pelasgians had driven them, and pressed upon the other Umbrians, upon the Oscans, and upon those Latins who were a mixture of conquered Pelasgians and Oscan conquerors. The combination of a branch of these Sabines with a branch of the Latins settled on the Tiber constituted the first beginnings of that Roman people which, standing in the midst of these Pelasgian and Oscan races, eventually became a point of centralisation for them all. Not to speak of any Celtic substratum, which we have many reasons for assuming, we may feel assured that up to the commencement of history the population of ancient Italy consisted entirely of this admixture or juxta-position of Umbro-Oscan and Tyrrheno-Pelasgian tribes. But about the time when the ancient annalists begin to speak definitely, the south of the peninsula became studded with Greek colonies, and the north was conquered by a Rætian tribe, the Rasena or Etruscans properly so called; and while the Greeks never spread themselves in the northern provinces, the surging tide of the Etruscan invasion was beaten back from the walls of Rome; and the Gauls, who at a later period endeavoured to extend their settlements to the south of the Tiber, were obliged to content themselves with the still remoter districts beyond the Rubicon.

CHAPTER II.

THE FOREIGN AFFINITIES OF THE ANCIENT

ITALIANS.

§ 1. Etymology of the word IIeλaryós. § 2. How the Pelasgians came into Europe. § 3. Inferences derivable from the contrast of Pelasgian and Hellenic architecture. § 4. Supported by deductions from the contrasted mythology of the two races. § 5. Thracians, Getæ, and Scythians. § 6. Scythians and Medes. § 7. Iranian origin of the Sarmatians, Scythians, and Getæ, may be shown (1) generally, and (2) by an examination of the remains of the Scythian language. 8. Mode of discriminating the ethnical elements in this chain of nations. § 9. Peculiarities of the Scythian language suggested by Aristophanes. § 10. Names of the Scythian rivers derived and explained. § 11. Names of the Scythian divinities. § 12. Other Scythian words explained. § 13. Successive peopling of Asia and Europe: fate of the Mongolian race. § 14. The Pelasgians were of Sclavonian origin. § 15. Foreign affinities of the Umbrians, &c. § 16. Reasons for believing that they were the same race as the Lithuanians. § 17. Further confirmation from etymology. § 18. Celtic tribes intermixed with the Sclavonians and Lithuanians in Italy and elsewhere. § 19. The Sarmatæ probably a branch of the Lithuanian family. § 20. Gothic or Low-German affi. nities of the ancient Etruscans shown by their ethnographic opposition to the Veneti. § 21. Reasons for comparing the old Etruscan with the old Norse. § 22. Old Norse explanations of Etruscan proper names. § 23. Contacts and contrasts of the Semitic and the Sclavonian. § 24. Predominant Sclavonism of the old Italian languages.

SIN

§ 1. Etymology of the word IIeλaoyos.

INCE the Umbrians, Oscans, &c. must be regarded in the first instance as the aboriginal inhabitants, the inquirer, who would pass the limits of Italy and investigate the foreign affinities of the Italians, is first attracted by the Pelasgians. The seats of this race in Greece and elsewhere are well known; but there is no satisfactory record as to the region from which they started on their wide-spread migrations, or the countries which they traversed on their route. According to some they were Cretans, others make them Philistines, others again Egyptians; in fact, there is hardly one ancient nation which has not been indicated in its turn as their parent stock. Even their name has received almost every possible etymology. The older scholars derived the word Πελασγός from Peleg'; Sturz connects it with πελάζω;

1 Salmasius de Hellenistica, p. 342. 2 De Dialect. Macedon. p. 9.

Hermann finds the root in πέλαγος, from πελάζω'; Wachsmuth and Müller3, considering Teλapyós to be the original form of the word, give as its etymology Téλw, "to till," and ǎypos, "the field," looking upon the nation as originally devoted to husbandry. The most common derivation is that which writes Пeλapyoi, and interprets it "the storks," either from the wandering habits of this race', or from their linen dress, or from their barbarous speech". Every one of these etymologies admits of an easy confutation. The best answer to them all is to point out a better analysis of the word. Buttmann suggested long ago that the last two syllables were an ethnical designation, connected with the name Asca-nius, common in Phrygia, Lydia, and Bithynia, and with the name of Asia itself. He also correctly pointed to the relationship between Ashkenaz, the son of Gomer, and Javan, the biblical progenitor of the Ionians ('IaFoves) (Gen. x. 3). Now the first syllable of the word Pelasgus is clearly the same as that of Pel-ops. There are two Niobes in Greek mythology, daughters, the one of Phoroneus, the other of Tantalus-the latter is the sister of Pelops, the former the mother of Pelasgus. The syllable ПIeλ- stands in the same relation to μελ- that πέδα does to μετά. The original form of the root signifying "blackness" was Kueλ-8; but the labial generally predominated over the guttural element. Of the labial forms, that with the tenuis more usually came to signify "livid" than "black;" as we see in the words Téλios, Teλidvós, &c. Apollodorus expressly says that Пleλias was so called because his face was rendered livid (méλtos) by a kick from a horse; and it is obvious that Пéλ-oy, which signifies “dark

1 Opusc. II. p. 174: "méλayos enim, a verbo Teλáfew dictum, ut ab Latinis Venilia, mare notat: a qua origine etiam #eλaσyoí, advenœ.”

2 Hellenische Alterthumsk. I. p. 29, Trans. p. 39. He also, half in jest, refers to mλáčew, “to lead astray,” p. 36.

3 “Von πέλω (πόλις, πολέω, der Sparte Πελώρ, und Πελώρια, das Fest der Bewohnung) und äpyos." Orchom, p. 125.

4 Strabo, V. p. 221; VIII. p. 397.

5 Bekker, Anecd. p. 229: dià ràs σivdóvas às éþópovv. So also Etymol.

Magn.

6 Philol. Mus. I. p. 615. 8 New Cratylus, § 121.

Lexilogus, I. p. 68, note 1. Buttmann's Lexil. II. p. 265. 9 I. 9, § 8.

faced" or "swarthy," is an ethnical designation which differs. from the well-known name Aitio only in the degree of blackness which is implied. The Aidiomes were the "burntfaced people" (quos India torret, as Tibullus says of them, II. 3, 59), and are described as perfectly black (Jeremiah xiii. 23; kvάveol, Hes. Op. et Dies, 525); whereas the Пléλores were only dark in comparison with the Hellenes'. On the whole, it can hardly be doubted that the Пeλaoyoi were, according to the name given them by the old inhabitants of Greece, "the swarthy Asiatics," who were called by the latter part of their name along the coasts of Asia Minor; and thus the cognate terms Πέλοπες and Πελασγοί point to an emigration from Asia Minor to Argolis indisputably connected with the progress of Phoenician civilization. The former part of the name was not necessary in the mother-country, where all were dark complexioned; and the latter part of the word, which denoted the Asiatic origin of the Πελασγοί, was dropt in the synonym Πέλοψ, which signifies merely "swarthy of face?."

§ 2. How the Pelasgians came into Europe.

Tradition and etymology agree, therefore, in tracing the Pelasgians, so called, to the western and northern coast of Asia Minor. There is, however, little or no reason to doubt that the

1 Asius makes Pelasgus spring from the black earth (ap. Pausan. VIII. 1, 4):

ἀντίθεον δὲ Πελασγὸν ἐν ὑψικόμοισιν ὄρεσσι

γαῖα μέλαιν ̓ ἀνέδωκεν, ἵνα θνητῶν γένος εἴη. But here the adjective is nothing but an epitheton constans.

2 For further arguments in support of this etymology, which is also applicable to the word Teλapyós, as the stork, or "black but whitened bird," the reader is referred to the N. Cratyl. § 95. Mr Paley has suggested a similar explanation of the doves of Dodona, who bring the Phoenicians, Pelasgians, and Egyptians, into a sort of confusion with one another (Herod. II. 54, sqq.). He says (Esch. Suppl. Ed. 2. p. xiv.), referring to my view of the matter: "obiter moneo nigras hasce columbas (Teλeiádas), quæ humana voce locuta traduntur, non alias fuisse videri quam eλàs quasdam, sc. furvas mulieres, ex Oriente profectas." It is curious that Mrs Hamilton Gray (Hist. of Etrur. I. p. 89) should have quoted the epithet "pale-face," applied to Europeans by the American Indians, in the same page with her derivation of πελασγός from πέλαγος, which is simply irreconcilable with the laws of the Greek language.