results of his work are exceedingly great.GEORGE, ANDREW J., 1898, From Chaucer to Arnold, Types of Literary Art, p. 662, note. We admit fairly and freely that Mr. Arnold is a teacher, if not of truth, at least of half truths, and those of a very valuable kind. Indeed, could we but once convince ourselves, or become convinced, that the other half were already adequately taught and acted on, and that there is much danger of there being really too much taught, as Mr. Arnold maintains, we should be happy to adopt his theory, if not his application of it. His real fault is that in his laudable anxiety to propagate "Hellenism," "spontaneity of consciousness," "the desirability of a free play of thought on our stock notions," and so forth, he lamentably under-rates the value of the other great means towards the attainment of perfection which he calls. "Hebraism," and which consists mainly in the development of the moral side of man's nature and the striving to reduce at once to practice whatever of light a man may have. -OAKESHOTT, B. N., 1898, Matthew Arnold as a Poetical and Social Critic, Westminster Review, vol. 149, pp. 161, 162.

Perhaps the most important utterance ["Essay in Criticism"] upon criticism in modern times.-GAYLEY, CHARLES MILLS, AND SCOTT, FRED NEWTON, 1899, An Introduction to the Methods and Materials of Literary Criticism, p. 10.

Some ten years ago, a band of self-appointed defenders of America and its institutions undertook to drive Matthew Arnold out of court with clubs and tomahawks. He was a snob, an aristocrat, an ignoramus, knowing nothing of American institutions and not much of anything else, without the ability even to use the English language correctly, on the hypothesis that he had anything to say. But such attacks really did more good than harm, since they convinced the judicious that the critic's. verdict, "Thou ailest here, and here," was timely and well-grounded; and an increasing number of Americans went on reading Mr. Arnold's works with profit and enjoyment. . . . One who reads him with care can see that he has no quarrel with those who can base upon the data at hand a more comprehensive belief than his. He is to be read, then, not for detailed information as to what one should believe and what reject in religious matters, but to place the curb of intelligent discrimination upon one's

belief, and especially to check the habit of demanding of them that are weak in the faith tests that are not fundamentally necessary and are sure to repel.-JOHNSON, W. H., 1899, The "Passing" of Matthew Arnold, The Dial, vol. 27, pp. 351, 353.

If a single word could resume him, it would be "academic;" but, although this perfectly describes his habitual attitude even as a poet, it leaves aside his chaste diction, his pictorial vividness, and his overwhelming pathos. The better, which is also the larger, part of his poetry is without doubt immortal. His position is distinctly independent, while this is perhaps less owing to innate originality than to the balance of competing influences. Wordsworth saves him from being a mere disciple of Goethe, and Goethe from being a mere follower of Wordsworth. As a critic he repeatedly evinced a happy instinct for doing the right thing at the right time. Apart from their high intellectual merits, the seasonableness of the preface to the poems of 1853, of the lectures on Homer, and those on the Celtic spirit, renders these monumental in English literature. His great defect as a critic is the absence of a lively æsthetic sense; the more exquisite beauties of literature do not greatly impress him unless as vehicles for the communication of ideas.-GARNETT, RICHARD, 1901, Dictionary of National Biography, Supplement, vol. I, p. 74.

Doubtless in spite of having been perhaps prematurely disseminated he will be preserved and handed on to Bacon's "next ages." There is certainly enough pollen in his essays to flower successively in many seasons and as long as the considerations to which he consecrated his powers interest readers who care also for clear and charming and truly classic prose. . . . He had, it is true, a remarkable gift for analysiswitness his Emerson, his clairvoyant separation of the strains of Celtic, Greek, Teutonic inspiration in English poetry, his study of Homeric translation, his essays on Keats and Gray. But in spite of his own advocacy of criticism as the art of "seeing the object as in itself it really is," and his assertion that "the main thing is to get one's self out of the way and let humanity judge," he was himself never content with this. He is always concerned with the significance of the object once clearly perceived and determined. And though he

never confuses the judgment of humanity (to use his rather magniloquent expression) by argumentation and special pleading, his treatment of his theme is to the last degree idiosyncratic. . . It is obvious, therefore, that his criticism differs in kind from that of other writers. It differs especially from that most in vogue at the present time. It is eminently the antithesis of impressionist criticism. It has behind it what may fairly pass for a body of doctrine, though a body of doctrine as far as possible removed from system and pedantry.BROWNELL, W. C., 1901, Matthew Arnold, Scribner's Magazine, vol. 30, pp. 105, 107, 108

Arnold's prose has little trace of the wistful melancholy of his verse. It is almost always urbane, vivacious, light-hearted. The classical bent of his mind shows itself here, unmixed with the inheritance of romantic feeling which colors his poetry. Not only is his prose classical in quality, by virtue of its restraint, of its definite aim, and of the dry white light of intellect which suffuses it; but the doctrine which he spent his life in preaching is based upon a classical ideal, the ideal of symmetry, wholeness, or, as he daringly called it, perfection.—MOODY, WILLIAM VAUGHN, AND LOVETT, ROBERT MORSS, 1902, A History of English Literature, p. 335.

If he had never written prose the world would never have known him as a humorist. And that would have been an intellectual loss not easily estimated. How pure, how delicate, yet how natural and spontaneous his humour was, his friends and associates knew well; and . the humour of his writings was of exactly the same tone and quality as the humour of his conversation. It lost nothing in the process of transplantation. As he himself was fond of saying, he was not a popular writer, and he was never less popular than in his humorous vein. In his fun there is no grinning through a horse- . collar, no standing on one's head, none of the guffaws, and antics, and "full-bodied gaiety of our English Cider-Cellar." But there is a keen eye for subtle absurdity, a glance which unveils affectation and penetrates bombast, the most delicate sense of incongruity, the liveliest disrelish for all the moral and intellectual qualities which constitute the Bore, and a vein of personal raillery as refined as it is pungent. Sydney Smith spoke of Sir James Mackintosh as "abating and dissolving pompous gentlemen with the most successful ridicule." The words not inaptly describe Arnold's method of handling personal and literary pretentiousness. RUSSELL, GEORGE W. E., 1904, Matthew Arnold (Literary Lives), p. 13.

PERSONAL

The "reminiscences" of Sir Francis are much pleasanter reading than his political "opinions." As might have been surmised from the martial enthusiasm which inspires the best of his poems, he is born of a race of soldiers.-OSBORN, R. D., 1886, Sir Francis Doyle, The Nation, vol. 43, p. 505.

Doyle was naturally indolent, but at times he could be very industrious. . . . As a young man he had the character of being somewhat eccentric, which, however, amounted to nothing more than this, that with undoubted gifts of genius, he was apt to betray an innocent superiority to conventional forms and usages, so that on occasions

when it was necessary for him to appear in a strictly proper and becoming dress he was fain to call in the aid of his friend Hope to tie his neckcloth, just as my uncle the poet was wont to have recourse to his wife and daughter for similar purposes.WORDSWORTH, CHARLES, 1891, Annals of My Early Life, 1806-1846, pp. 96, 98.

GENERAL

He too is of the reflective and not the impassioned school of poetry, and has evidently sat, an admiring disciple, at the feet of Wordsworth, whom he has commemorated in a graceful and pleasing sonnet. The reader will not find in his pages that marked originality and creative power which are the indications of a great poet, but he will not turn aside from them, if he will be content to derive pleasure from communing with a mind, that is accustomed to reflect and observe, that thinks always correctly and sometimes vigorously, that is not unfruitful in images of gentle beauty and delicate grace, and which utters its sentiments in flowing verse and in the language of a scholar. He does not appear to have written poetry from an irresistible impulse, but to have cultivated the accomplishment of verse as a graceful appendage to other intellectual employments and exercises, and an agreeable relaxation from graver and severer studies. Consequently his poems have no marked individuality, and no peculiar characteristics to distinguish them from others of the same class; but they please us by a more than common proportion of those poetical conceptions and capacities which are found, in a greater or less degree, in every person of refined taste and cultivated habits, of thought. Perhaps their most distinctive attributes are a certain delicacy of sentiment showing a mind of uncommon fineness of organization, and with a more than common proportion of feminine elements, a taste for ideal forms. of beauty, and an instinctive repugnance to every thing low, unhandsome, and debasing. His poetry is of that kind, which inspires us with much respect for the personal character of the author.-HILLARD, GEORGE S., 1842, Recent English Poetry, North American Review, vol. 55, p. 237.

No reader of Sir Francis Doyle's poems will need to be told that he is an enthusiastic lover of horses. His poem on the "Doncaster St. Leger" is not only a most spirited and exciting presentation of the incidents.

of a great race, but, so far as we know, it is unique of its kind in English literature. It shows how much stirring poetry can be elicited from the most prosaic occurrences when there is a poet's eye present to discern it. OSBORN, R. D., 1886, Sir Francis Doyle, The Nation, vol. 43, p. 506.

His gifts were so great and varied, one almost fancies greater than his use of them, and he gave this same impression from his Eton days, as the letters of Arthur Hallam, Mr. Gladstone, and my father-in-law seem to me to show. He leaves some lyrics which will, I think, live long.-PALGRAVE, FRANCIS TURNER, 1888, Journal, June; Francis Turner Palgrave, His Journals and Memoirs of his Life, ed. Palgrave, p. 215.

Amongst modern poets Sir Francis Hastings Doyle, Bart., gained an important place, and made some lasting contributions to English poetry. Several of his poems are familiar to readers in the North of England, having special local interest. His best known productions are "The Private of the Buffs," "The Loss of the Birkenhead," and "The Spanish Mother."-ANDREWS, WILLIAM, 1888, North Country Poets, p. 57.

Author of some interesting reminiscences in prose, and in verse of some of the best songs and poems on military subjects to be found in the language.-SAINTSBURY, GEORGE, 1896, A History of Nineteenth Century Literature, p. 206.

Doyle is distinguished for the spirit and the martial ring of the ballads in which he celebrates deeds of daring. "The Red Thread of Honour," "The Private of the Buffs," and "Mehrab Khan" are pieces that take high rank among poems inspired by sympathy with the heroism of the soldier.-WALKER, HUGH, 1897, The Age of Tennyson, p. 258.

Sprung from a family many of whorn had been famous as men of action, Doyle cherished a supreme admiration of heroism as well as a strong love of country. His poetic work is chiefly remarkable for his treatment of the ballad, a form of expression used by many English poets, and particularly by his favourite author, Sir Walter Scott. While these, however, had made the ballad archaic both in subject and expression, Doyle employed it for the treatment of contemporary events, and showed that modern deeds of national bravery were 'as susceptible as any in the far past of free

enlightened gentleman who would never again make their gatherings bright with his presence. The general world of society and affairs had never known Sir Henry Maine. He gave the best energies of his life to public duty, to the administration of India; but he rendered his service at quiet council boards, whose debates were of business, not of questions of politics, and did not find their way into the public prints. He had no taste for publicity; preferred the secluded groups that gathered about him in the little hall of Corpus Christi, to any assembly of the people. He did not have strong sympathies, indeed, and disdained to attempt the general ear. He loved knowledge, and was indifferent to opinion. It perhaps went along with his delicate physique and sensitive temperament that he should shrink from crowds and distrust the populace.-WILSON, WOODROW, 1898, A Lawyer with a Style, Atlantic Monthly, vol. 82, p.

374.

GENERAL

In his "Ancient Law" Mr. Maine has shown that the inductive method is the only way to attain clear notions as to the origin of those elementary legal conceptions which are incorporated into our social systems; and the primeval institutions and customs of India which have been handed down, almost unchanged, to the present generation-such as the village community, the undivided family, the practice of adoption taking the place of testation-furnished him with admirable subjects for the application of that method.-STRACHEY, SIR JOHN, 1868, Speech.

Probably no more accurate and profound researches and generalization in the field of jurisprudence have ever been made than those incorporated in this ["Ancient Law"] volume. . . . For the general student this ["Village Communities"] is one of the most valuable, and quite the most interesting of Sir Henry Maine's works. It is not only written in the judicious spirit always characteristic of the author, but it is also the fruit of special study and observation. The author has availed himself of the profound and minute researches of Von Maurer, and has turned to good account his own extensive observations and studies in India.ADAMS, CHARLES KENDALL, 1882, A Manual of Historical Literature, pp. 83, 84.

Some, at least, of these essays were, on their anonymous appearance, attributed to

Lord Salisbury; but what was then high praise now seems like the bitterest satire. ... More ingenious than profound, more epigrammatic than original, more dazzling than persuasive, this work would be worthier of the present Prime Minister than of the author of "Ancient Law." . . . The history of government is studied apart from the more general history of society and general civilization, with the result that the whole subject is thrown into uncertainty and confusion.-BENN, ALFRED W., 1885, Popular Government, The Academy, vol. 28, p. 300.

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It is hardly possible that he should discuss any subject within the publicist's range, without bringing into light some of its less superficial aspects, and adding observations of originality and value to the thinking at all on the more general and stock of political thought. To set people abstract truths of that great subject which is commonly left to be handled lightly, systematically, fragmentarily, in obedience to the transitory necessities of the day, by Ministers, members of Parliament, journalists, electors, and the whole host who live intellectually and politically from hand to mouth, is in itself a service of all but the first order. Service of the very first order is not merely to propound objections, but to devise working answers, and this is exactly what Sir Henry Maine abstains from doing.-MORLEY, JOHN, 1886, Maine on Popular Government, Studies in Literature, p. 105.

For the present we may at least say, looking to our own science of law, that the impulse given by Maine to its intelligent study in England and America can hardly be overrated. Within living memory the Common Law was treated merely as a dogmatic and technical system. Historical which were manifestly necessary, was reexplanation, beyond the dates and facts garded as at best an idle ornament, and all singularities and anomalies had to be taken as they stood, either without any reason or certain amount of awakening was no doubt (perhaps oftener) with a bad one..... affected by the analytical school, as Maine taught us to call it. . . . But the scientific study of legal phenomena such as we really find them had no place among us. ・ ・ ・ Maine not only showed that this was a possible study, but showed that it was not less interesting and fruitful than any in the

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