Independent clauses, 180b; sub-
junctive in, 125a; omission of, 229
Independent constructions. See Ab-
solute constructions.
Indicative mood, 124, 125, 158d;
form, 128, 129; in conditional
clauses, 213, note

Indirect discourse, 206

Indirect object, 66, 67, 75; with the
infinitive, 251b; as the subject of
passive sentences, 279

If, 176b, 203C, 213, 214
Ill, 94a, 160

Imperative mood, 124, 149; form of,
128, 129; in compound sentences,
182e; in exclamatory sentences,
177b

Imperative sentence, one that ex-
presses a command, 142b, 149b;
order of words in, omission of the
subject, 129b, 264; position of the
subject in, 129b, 264
Imperative verb-phrases, 149, 155,
156, 158

Imperfect tense. See Past tense.
Impersonal object, 71b

Impersonal subject, 56, 57, notes
1, 2, 3, 8oa, note 3
Impersonal verbs, dative with, 67
In case, 19, 174, note 3
In order, 256a

In order that, 19, 174, note 3, 216
In proportion as, 174, note 3, 220,

notes 1, 2, 3
Inasmuch, 174, note 3
Inchoative activity, 155

interrogative pronouns, 50, note
Indo-European languages, 1, 289
Inequality, clauses of, 219, 225, 2278
Infinitive clause, 251a, note 4
Infinitive group, equivalent to a
substantive clause, 251a, b
Infinitive phrase, 146, 152b, 248,
255-257
Infinitives, 231-235, 248-260; ver-
bals, 231; inflection, 232, 248; to
with, 248; for to, 248, note; omis-
sion of to, 249; modifiers of, 233;
complements, 234; assumed sub-
ject of, 151a, 232, 249c, 253c;
infinitives in verb-phrases, 140,
158e, 249a, 251, note 4; in do-
phrases, 142; in future phrases,
144-147; in modal phrases, 152;
after let, 149a, 249c, 251a; uses:
subject, 250; object, 251; in a
group object of a verb, 249c,
251a; subjective complement, 249c,
252, 281; object of a preposition,
249d, 253; in a group object of a
preposition, 253c; appositive, 254;

adjective phrase, 255; adverbial
phrase, 256, 257; absolute, 258;
with as or than, 259, 260; exercise
on, pp. 298-303
Inflection, 5, 21, note, 31; personal
pronouns, 39; verbs, 121; verbals,
232; participles, 237; gerunds, 244;
infinitives, 248
Insomuch, 221a
Instead, 168

Instrumental case, 31
Intensive expressions, 95b
Intensive use of the compound per-
sonal pronoun, 43
Interjections, 88e, 177-179
Interrogative adjectives, 50, 89, 98,
204b

Interrogative pronouns, 49-50; used
as adjectives, 98; in exclamatory
sentences, 179; introducing sub-
stantive clauses, 204b
Interrogative sentences, order of
words in, 263; do-phrases in, 142d
Into, 168

Intransitive verbs, 115-120; taking a
cognate object, 71a; taking an
impersonal object, 71b
Introducing conjunctions, 176, 203
Introductory subject. See Expletive.
Inversion of the order of words, 213
Irregular comparison of adjectives,

94

Irregular verbs. See Strong verbs.
It, impersonal subject, 56a, 57a,
note 1, 109, note, 198, 250, note 1,
251a, note 2; impersonal object,
71b, 251, note 2; impersonal object
of a preposition in some idioms,
166a, note; referring to persons,
39; expletive, 56b, 201, 245a, 250,
251, note 2

It is, to avoid repetition, 142e, note 1,
213, note

It is I, 57, note, 289

It is

that, 198, 275

Its, a recent form, 40

Jonson, Ben, 305

Kind of, 278
Kine, 26a

Kirkham, Samuel, 310
Know, 249c

Late, comparison of, 94c, 160
Less and least in the comparison of
adjectives, 93; of adverbs, 160
Less vivid conditional clauses, 213,

note 2
Lest, introducing a substantive
clause, 176b, 203a; introducing a
clause of purpose, 216

Let, in verb-phrases, 149, 151;
followed by a group object, 249c;
introducing a concessive clause,
214f

Like, followed by a dative, 68; by a
phrase, 69, note; by a clause, 200,
note 4; by a gerund, 245h
Limiting adjectives, 89
Linking verbs. See Copula.
Little, comparison of, 94f, 160; used
adverbially, 274d
Locative case, 31
Locative clauses, 208
Long, in all day long, 273

Main clause. See Independent clause.
Make, 249C

Making, verbs of, followed by a
factitive complement, 79
Manner, adverbs of, 159
Manner, clauses of, 212, 227
Many, comparison of, 94b
Many a, 97b

Masculine sex-reference in nouns, 37;
in personal pronouns, 39
May, might, forms of, 137; as an
auxiliary, 249a; as potential auxil-
iary, 150; optative, 150, note, 151;
in conditional clauses, 213, note;
in purpose clauses, 125f, note
Me seems, methinks, 67

Middle English, 7, 100, 244, 245e,
note, 260, 297
Might. See May.
Modal auxiliaries.

See Can, May,

Must, Ought, Shall, Will.

Modal clauses, 212; ellipses in, 227

Modal verb forms are predicating or

finite verbs, those used as the

basis of the predicate of the sen-

tence; that is, indicative, sub-
junctive, or imperative forms.
Modal verb-phrases, 125, 148-153,
155, 156, 158e
Mode. See Mood.
Modifiers, order of, 267. See Adjec-
tives, Adverbial nouns, Adverbs,
Appositives, Clauses, Genitives,
Indirect objects, Infinitives,
Participles, Phrases.
Mood, 124, 125.

See Imperative
mood, Indicative mood, Sub-
junctive mood.

More, most as comparative and
superlative signs, 92, 160, 170b;
in clauses of degree, 218-220
More as a comparative suffix, 94h
More vivid conditional clauses, 213,
note 2

Most as a superlative suffix, 94h
Much, comparison of, 94b, 160
Mulcaster, Richard, 304
Multiplicative numerals, 103
Murray, Lindley, 309
Must, 137; as an auxiliary, 249a;
as an obligative auxiliary, 149a,
152

Naming, verbs of, with an objective
complement, 76

Near, comparison of, 94g; followed
by a dative, 69, 200, note 4,
245h

Need, 121, note, 249b; obligative
construction, 152b
Needs, 274a

Negation, particles of, 163f
Negative phrases, 149b
Negative sentence containing a
clause of equality, 218; containing
a clause of inequality, 219
Negatives, two, 288
Neither.
Neuter sex-reference, in nouns, 37; in
personal pronouns, 39
Neuter verbs are intransitive verbs,
which may be regarded as having
no true active form because they
can have no passive; verbs neither
active nor passive.
Neutral clauses, 213, note 2

New conjugation. See Weak verbs.
Next, 948
Nigh, 94g, 160
Nights, 274c
No, 163f

No less than, 219
No longer than, 174, note 3
No matter, 214d

No sooner than, 174, note 3, 219
Nominative absolute, 58, 88a
Nominative by address. See Voca-
tive.

Nominative case, of nouns, 31, 35;

of personal pronouns, 39; of who,
45, 50, 51, 54
Nominative constructions, 56-58;
subject, 56; subjective comple-
ment, 57; absolute, 58, 88a; appos-
itives, 83

Non-committal clauses, 213, note
Non-modal verb forms, those not
used in predication: gerunds, in-
finitives, and participles, which
have no mood inflection.
Non-restrictive adjective clauses.
See Descriptive adjective clauses.
Norman Conquest of England, in-
fluence of on the language, 7
Notional verb, the last word in a
verb-phrase; not an auxiliary.
Notwithstanding, 214d

Noun clauses. See Substantive
clauses.

Nouns, definition of, 21; inflection,
22-37; number, 22-30; case, 31-35;
person, 36; gender, 37; construc-
tions, 56-88; subject, 56; subjec-
tive complement, 57, 58; genitives,
59-65, 107-111; indirect object, 66,
67; dative after like and near, 68,
69; dative of interest, 70; dative of
possession, 70; direct object, 71-75;
objective complement, 76, 77;
object of a preposition, 78, 79;
adverbial noun, 80, 81; appositive
and adherent, 82-86; absolute, 87,
88, 177b, c, 239d, 258; become
adjectives and verbs, 19
Nouns, verbal. See Gerunds.
Noways, 274a

Number of nouns, 22-30; of personal

pronouns, 39; of demonstratives,
55; of verbs, 121-123
Numerals, 89, 101-103

Object, of a preposition, 44b, 78,
166, 245, 253, 282. See also
Group object.

Object complement, 71, 114-118;
after verbals, 234; gerund as, 245c;
infinitive as, 251; compound pro-
noun as, 44a; in declarative sen-
tences, 262a; in passive sentences,
279. See also Cognate object, Im-
personal object, Reflexive object.
Objective attribute. See Objective
complement.

Objective case, of nouns, 31, note 2,
35; of personal pronouns, 39; of
who, 45, 50, 51; indirect object, 66,
67; with like and near, 68, 69; other
datives, 70; direct object, 71-75;
two objects with ask, 72; with
other verbs, 73, 74; objective com-
plement, 76, 77; object of a prep-
osition, 78, 79; adverbial noun, 80;
appositive, 83; absolute, 88b, d, e;
subject accusative of an infinitive
or a participle, 238b, c, 251a, 253c;
subjective complement after an
infinitive or a gerund, 57a, note 2,
243, note 4
Objective complement, 114, 117-
119; substantive, 76, 77; gerund,
245d; adjective, 110; participle,
239, note; phrase, 167a; adverb,
163a; clause, 200; with verbals,
234; modifying infinitives, 251,
notes 2, 3; becomes a subjective
complement in the passive con-
struction, 283; in declarative
sentences, 2628

Objective genitive, 62, 63; before a
gerund, 243, note i
Obligative verb-phrases, 149a, 152
Oblige, 152b

Of and off, 19

Of-phrase, for the genitive, 6of, 63,
65, 79, 95a, 274c; possessive of
which, 49, 51; possessive of what,
49; in "a friend of mine," 111a,
note 2; of omitted, 79

On condition that, 19, 213
On purpose, 256a
One another, reciprocal, 48
Only, 229c
Opposites, 19
Optative verb-phrases, 151
Order of words, 56b, note, 198, 213,
214b, 261-267
Ordinal numerals, 102
Ordinary case of nouns, 35
Otherwise, 163e

Ought, 137; in obligative verb-
phrases, 149a, 152a; incorrect
after had, 137
Over, adverb, 161, note 4
Own, 270

Paradigm, the orderly arrangement
of the inflectional forms of a
word. See under Conjugation, De-
clension.
Parenthetical clauses, 188; sub-
ordinate in form, 223
Parsing, pp. 70, 91, 149, 303
Participial infinitive. See Gerund.
Participles, 231-242; modifiers, 323;
complements, 234; assumed sub-
ject, 232, 238b, c; inflection, 232,
237; appositive adjective, 238a; in
a group object, 238b, c; in an
absolute group, 238d; subjective
complements, 239; adverbial pred-
icate, 239b; objective comple-
ments, 239, note; as adjectives, 19,
239C, 240, 269, 270; as substan-
tives, 240a; absolute, 241; as
adverbs, 242; interchangeable
with a gerund, 247; in compounds,
246; in verb-phrases, 140, 143, 145,
155, 156, 237, 244, 248; exercise on,
pp. 275-77
Particle, 163d, 165. A word without
inflectional changes, as preposi-

tions, conjunctions, and some
adverbs.

Partitive genitive, 65, 167c; pseudo-
partitive genitive of-phrase, IIIa,

note 2

Parts of speech, the eight categories
into which words are divided
according to their meaning and
function: nouns, pronouns, verbs,
adjectives, adverbs, prepositions,
conjunctions, and interjections.
Passive gerunds, 244

Passive infinitives, 248, 249c; some-
times active in form, 255a
Passive participles, 237
Passive progressive verb-phrases,
156b, 158

Passive sentences, 279-283
Passive verbals, 232a

Passive verb-phrases, 156-158
Past conditions, 213, note
Past future tense, a verb-phrase in-
dicating something future in rela-
tion to past time. I knew that he
would write. The form of would is
past, but the sense of would write
in relation to knew is future.
Past participle, of strong verbs,
130-132; of weak verbs, 130, 133,
134; in verb-phrases, 140, 143,
156; see also Participles, Passive
phrases, Perfect phrases, Pluper-
fect phrases, Future perfect
phrases.

Past perfect tense. See Pluperfect
tense.

Past tense, 126, 128; past subjunc-
tive for present time, 125d, 213,

note

Phrases, 166-170; composition of,
166, 245d, 253; functions, 167,
177c; equivalent to adverbial
nouns, 81; genitives equivalent to,
60c; indirect object equivalent to,
66; after like and near, 69, note; in
a partitive sense, 65; with a geni-
tive, 34b; modification of, 163c,
170; appositives equivalent to,
85. See also Verb-phrases.
Place, adverbs of, 159
Place, clauses of, 208
Pleonastic absolute, 88c
Pluperfect verb-phrases, 143, 155,
156; pluperfect subjunctive for
past time, 125d, 213, note
Plural number, of nouns, 22-30; of
possessive nouns, 33; of personal
pronouns, 39; of demonstratives,
55; of one, 47; of verbs, 121-123;
of genitives, 33

Poetic genitive, 60