212; condition, 213; concession,
214; result, 215; purpose, 216;
degree, 217-220; participles equiv-
alent to, 238a; absolute groups
equivalent to, 87, 238d; infinitive
phrases equivalent to, 256; ellipsis
in, 225-228

Adverbial nouns, 80, 81, 88b, 274;
modified by an adverb, 161, note 5;
modify phrases, prepositions, or
conjunctions, 170a; gerunds as,
2458

Adverbial objective. See Adverbial

nouns.

Adverbial phrases, 167b, 168, 170b;
interchangeable with adverbial
nouns, 81; infinitives as, 256, 257
Adverbial predicate adjectives, 109a,
161; participles, 239

Adverbs, 159-164; definitions, 159,
233; classes, 159; comparison of,
160, 219, 220; distinguished from
adjectives, 161; from prepositions,
162; peculiar uses of, 163; modify
nouns, 163a; modify compara-
tives and superlatives, 95; used as
substantives, 163b, 166c; modify
prepositions, conjunctions, phrases,
clauses, 163c, 170; modify verbals,
233. See also No, Otherwise, So,
The, There, Why, Yes. Phrases
as, 167b; correlative with sub-
ordinate conjunctions, 175c; in
exclamations, 177b, 179; introduc-
ing subordinate clauses, 266; in-
troducing substantive clauses, 205;
participles used as, 242; infinitive
phrases as, 256; in declarative
sentences, 262b; conjunctive, see
Subordinate conjunction.
Adversative clauses, 184
Adversative conjunctions, 172c
Affirmation, particles of, 163f
Ago, 269
Agreement of appositives, 34a, 83;
of a subjective complement pro-
noun with its subject, 57; of verb
and subject, 122, 123
Albeit, 19

Also, 163d

Alternative clauses, 183
Although, with concessive clauses, 214
Analogy, 18, 297

Analysis of sentences, pp. 193-195,
204-207, 256-265, 343-360
Anglo-Saxons, 2-6. See also Old
English.

Anomalous verbs, 135-137
Antecedent, 38, 122a
Anticipating subject. See Expletive.
Anticipation, subjunctive of, 125C
Anyone else's, 32c, 47, note, 271
Apposition. See Appositive nouns.
Appositive adjectives, 108; parti-
ciples as, 238; adverbs as, 163a
Appositive genitive, 34a, 64, 85
Appositive gerunds, 245f
Appositive participles, 238c, d, e
Appositive substantives, 82; case of,
83; with phrases and clauses, 84;
replaced by a phrase or a genitive,
85; infinitives as, 254; gerunds as,
245f

Appositives, infinitive, 254; gerund,
245f; noun clause, 200; phrase 167c
Articles, 89, 104-106; with verbal
nouns, 243; repetition of, 112
Aryan languages, 1, 2
As, introducing particle before a
subjective complement, 57b, 110,
176c, 227, note; before an objec-
tive complement, 76, 110, note 1,
176c, 227, note, 239, note; before
appositives, 82, 108, note 3, 227a,
and note; relative pronoun, 53, 195,
199, 223; indefinite, 204a, note 2,
223, note 1; with infinitives, 259,
260; introducing a substantive
clause, 203c; introducing a clause
of degree, 218
As for, 88d
As if, 227a

As it were, 223, note 2
As long as, 174, note 3, 218
As soon as, 174, note 3, 218
As though, 227a

As to, 88d, 168

As well as, 123b, 172e, note 2, 218
As yet, 276

Asking, verbs of, take two objects,

280

Assimilation, 17

Assumed subject of verbals, 232b;
the genitive before the gerund,
243; the accusative before in-
finitives, 251a, 253c; before par-
ticiples, 238b, c

Assumptive clauses, 213, note 2
Attribute complement. See Subjec-
tive complement.

Attributive adjective. See Adherent
adjective.

Auxiliary, 138, 139; form of the first,
158. See also Be, Can (could), Do
(did), Have (had), May (might),
Must, Ought, Shall (should), Should,
Will (would), Would.

Be, a verb of incomplete predication,
intransitive; the copula, 120a, b.
When be means "exist," it is a
verb of complete predication. "I
think, therefore I am.' "What-
ever is, is right." When be is
followed by an adverbial modifier,
the emphasis is thrown on the
adverb, and the notion of existence
is greatly weakened. He was there
but his brother was in New York.
Inflection of be, 135; as a perfect
and pluperfect auxiliary, 143a;
as a future auxiliary, 146; in obli-
gative phrases, 152b; as a passive
auxiliary, 156-158, 232b, 237, 244,
248; as a progressive auxiliary, 155.
237, 244, 248; with a subjective
complement, 283; logical subject
after, 56b, note

Because, 168, 174, note 3, 229c, note
Become, 120b

Believe, not followed by two ob-
jects, 73
Beside, 79a
Beware, 202c

Bibliography of works on English, 20
Bid, followed by indirect object and
infinitive, 66, note, 249c, 251b, note

Both, origin of as a correlative of
and, 175, note 2
Brother, plural of, 26a
Brown, Goold, 311
Bullokar, William, 303
But, co-ordinate conjunction, 172c,
184; subordinate conjunction,
1970, 203b, 213, 215, 221a; but
also, correlative of not only, 185
But, preposition, 167, note 2, 249d,
272

But, relative pronoun, 54, 196
But that, 215

By and by, 161, note 3

Calling, verbs of, take an objective
complement, 76

Can (could), forms of, 137; as an
auxiliary, 249a; as a potential
auxiliary, 150

Cardinal numerals, 101

Case, of appositives, 83; of nouns,
31; of personal pronouns, 39; of
who, 45, 50, 52. See also Dative,
Genitive, Nominative, Objective

case.

Causal clauses, 210, 229c, note
Change of words from one part of
speech to another, 19

Cheap, 19
Cherubim, 29f
Children, 26a

Clauses, defined, 180a; independent,
180b; dependent or subordinate,
189; see also Adjective, Adverbia',
Substantive clauses. Clauses of
compound sentences in the same
line of thought, 182; alternatives,
183; adversatives, 184; clauses that
state a reason, 185; clauses that
state a consequence or an inference,
186; grouping of, 187; contraction,
188; parenthetical, 189; forward-
moving, 199; appositives with, 84;
modified by adverbs, 163c; objects
of prepositions, 166c; antecedents
of pronouns, 38, note 1; exercise

on, pp. 193-5
Cloth, 23e

Coar, Thomas, 308

object.

in, 125e; ellipses in, 228
Conclusional clause, one on which
a conditional clause depends. If
you will go, I will stay here.
Conditional clauses, 213; subjunctive
in, 125d, 213, note; ellipses with,
228; should and would in, 153;
without the main clause, 230
Conditional complex sentences, those
made up of a main clause and a
conditional clause.

Conjugation, the orderly arrange-
ment of the inflectional forms of
the verb. See 121, 128, 135, 232,
237, 244, 248.
Conjunctions, 171–176; definition of,
171; co-ordinate, 172; copulative,
172a; disjunctive, 172b; adversa-
tive, 172c; those stating a reason,
172d; those expressing a conclu-
sion, 1720; subordinate, 173;
groups of words as conjunctions,
174, note 3; correlative, 175; in-
troducing particles, 176, 205;
modified by adverbs, 163c
Conjunctive adverb, a term some-
times given to certain subordinate
conjunctions.

Conjunctive pronouns. See Relative
pronouns.

Consequence, clauses of, 186
Construction, the grammatical use
of a word, as subject, predicate,
object, etc.

Contraction of compound sentences,
188

Contractions. See Ellipses.
Contrary-to-fact clauses, 153h, 158d,
213, note 2
Co-ordinate conjunctions, 123d, 172
Copula, 120a

Copulative conjunctions, 123, 1728,
175a

Copulative verb, one that takes after
it a subjective complement, as be,
become, seem. See 120.
Correct and incorrect usage, 284-
302

Correction of errors, 292-304
Correlative conjunctions, 175

Determinative appositive adjectives,

108

Determinative or limiting appos-
itives, 82

Diagramming, Appendix B
Die, 23e

Direct discourse, 206
Direct object, 71. See also Object
complement.
172b,

Disjunctive conjunctions,
175b

Distributive subjects, 122d
Do, inflection of, 136b; as an auxil-
iary, 142; used to avoid repetition,
1420

Do-phrase, 141, 142; to make a
syllable in a line of poetry, 142a;
for emphasis, 142b, 149b; in
negative sentences, 142c, 149b; in
interrogative sentences, 142d; in
imperative sentences, 149b, 264
Double comparison, 96b

Double meaning, clauses of, 221

Except, with a conditional clause, 213;
preposition, 253a
Excepting, 19

Exclamation, infinitives used in, 258
Exclamatory sentences, those ex-
pressing by their form some strong
or sudden feeling; see 178, 179,
228a, 230; order of words in, 265
Explanatory expression. See Appos-
itive.

Expletives. See It, There.

Factitive complements, 76, 110
Farther, farthest, 160
Fear, verb, 203a, note
Feel, 249c

Feminine sex-reference, or gender,
in nouns, 37; in personal pro-
nouns, 39

Find, 249C

Finite verb, the asserting word of the
sentence; not an infinitive or a
participle, 232

For, introducing a subjective com-
plement, 57b, 109, note 4; intro-
ducing an objective complement,
76, 110, note 1, 176c; introducing
co-ordinate and subordinate

clauses, 185, note
For, preposition, 253c
Foreign plurals, 29

Forward-moving clauses, 199; sub-
junctive in, 125h
Fractions, 102

Frequentative verb-phrases, 147
Further, 160

Future conditions, 213, note
Future perfect verb-phrases, 145
Future verb-phrases, 144, 146

Gan, 249b

Gender, of nouns, 37; of personal
pronouns, 39. See also Sex-
reference.

Genitive case, of nouns, 31-35; of
personal pronouns, 39, 41; of
indefinite pronouns, 45, 47; of
reciprocal pronouns, 48; of pro-
nouns as possessive adjectives, 99,
IIIa; genitive plural, 33; genitive
constructions, 59-65; genitive of

possession, 59; ethical genitive,
60; genitive of kind, 60a; poetic
genitive, 6ob; genitive of origin or
source, 60c; adverbial, 6od, 80a,
note 4; genitive of emphasis, 60e;
subjective, 62, 63; objective, 62, 63;
appositive, 64, 85; partitive, 65;
see also 274; positions of: adherent,
107; appositive, 108; subjective
complement, 109; objective com-
plement, 110; substantive, III;
after of, III, note; not translated
by of, 79; repetition of the sign
of the genitive, 34; with the
gerund, 61, 243

Gerunds, 231-235, 243-247; have be-
come mere nouns, 243; inflection of,
232, 244; uses, 245; subject, 245a;
subjective complement, 245b;
object, 245c; objective comple-
ment, 245d; object of a preposition,
245e; appositive, 245f; adverbial
noun, 245g; dative, 245h; gerund
in the original form of the passive-
progressive verb-phrase, 156b;
modifiers of, 233; complements,
234; thought subject, 232; gerund
in compound nouns, 246; inter-
changeable with participles, 247;
with infinitives, 251a, note 3; in
future verb-phrases, 146c; in fre-
quentative verb-phrases, 147; sub-
jective genitive before, 243; exer-
cise on, pp. 282-3

Gerundial phrase, a gerund with its
modifiers and complement.
Get, 120b, 143b

Gill, Alexander, 304

Go, inflection of, 136a; going as a
future auxiliary, 146
Good, comparison of, 94e
Got in have got, 143b; in passive verb-
phrases, 156c

Grammar, method and value of the

study of, 9-14, 301, 313-321
Greene, Samuel Stillman, 311
Group object, a term used in this

work to signify the object of a
verb (or a preposition) composed of
an "accusative subject" and a
participle or an infinitive; see