9. If deceived, I have been my own dupe.-BULWER, Money iii. 4. 10. When loudly called, he would hastily appear.

NOTE 1.- -The appositive participle seems to be a mere adjective in

1. The younger man had nothing striking [=noticeable] in his appearance. The appositive participle is introduced by the particle as in

2. They criticized the boy as showing no interest in his work,

and expresses a notion of cause.

NOTE 2.-An elliptical form of the sentence containing an appositive adjective participle is

1. [Being] Far from being kind, he was most cruel.

This is used when one thing is denied and the opposite is strongly asserted. An interjectional phrase is found in

2. The truly religious tone,

not unmixed, indeed, far from it, but unmistakable.-WICKSTEED, Kuenen's Hibbert Lectures iii. 127 (quoted in N. E. D. under far).

A finite verb better supplies the ellipsis in

3. He says I have wronged him; but [I am] far from that, I have done him good.

b. After verbs of sensuous and mental perception, of thinking, narrating, and making, this appositive participle and its assumed subject are used as the GROUP OBJECT.

1. They made his conduct known.

2. He kept the horses going.

The substantive on which such a participle depends is, of course, in the objective case.

3. And then imagine me taking your part.-SHAKESPEARE, 2 Henry IV v. 2. 96.

4. I see it coming.-COLERIDGE, The Piccolomini i. 12. 201.

5. I saw him arrested, saw him carried away.-SHAKESPEARE, Measure i. 2. 68.

NOTE. The difference between this construction and that explained in Section 238a may be seen from a comparison of two sentences.

1a. We found pictures painted by artists of all nations.

b. We found pictures which were painted by artists of all nations.

2a. I felt the saddle slipping.

b. The saddle slipped and I felt that movement.

c. I felt the slipping of the saddle.

Painted (1a), like other appositive adjectives when expanded into clauses (Section 108, note 3), falls into the predicate of a sentence in which its noun is represented by a pronoun. When, however, the group in sentence 2 is expanded into a clause, the noun becomes the very subject of the clause, and the participle the verb (2b). It was not simply the saddle that I felt,

but its slipping (2c). The term "subject accusative" is sometimes used (compare 2b) to explain the relation of the substantive to the participle in 22.

c. A similar construction is found after some prepositions. That the participle is an essential part of the object of the preposition is seen if we change the form of the group.

1. Without a shilling being spent among them.-FIELDING, Joseph Andrews iv. I.

Compare, "without the spending of a shilling."

2. This consummation of drunken folly Iwould have otherwise ended in my neck being broken.-SCOTT, Rob Roy xii.

Compare, "It would have ended in the breaking of my neck." See the examples below in d, note 2. Compare also Section 247.

d. The appositive participle is common with absolute nouns (Section 88).

1a. Men continuing what they are, there must be war.-COWPER. 24. Conscience, her first law broken, wounded lies.

-YOUNG, Night Thoughts viii. 700.

3a. You sleep in peace, the tyrant being slain.

-SHAKESPEARE, Richard III v. 3. 256.

Observe that as far as the thought is concerned, these phrases might have been clauses:

1b. While men continue, etc.

2b. When (or because) her first law is broken, etc.

3b. Because (or when) the tyrant is slain, etc.

NOTE 1.-In the following sentence the expletive there occurs in the absolute group to throw the base-noun (expense) after the participle being: There being no expense connected with the plan, it was quickly adopted. NOTE 2. Instead of the absolute construction, we sometimes find such a group joined to the main clause by with (see Section 88a). For, with my minstrel brethren fled,

My jealousy of song is dead.-SCOTT, Last Minstrel iv. 35.

Compare, "With the flight of my minstrel brethren," etc. Compare also the sentence from Fielding in division c above.

e. The appositive-adjective participle rarely occurs in a group used as the subject of the sentence.

To-day being Saturday complicates matters.

PARTICIPLES AS SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE COMPLEMENTS 239. The participle is found as a subjective complement.

1. Idly I stood looking on.—SHAKESPEARE, Taming i. 1. 155. 2. The city lies sleeping.-BYRON, Manfred ii. 3.

3. The cope of heaven seems rent and cloven.-SHELLEY.

a. Sometimes such a complement suggests a second predicate verb.

The hill stands guarding the city [i. e., the hill stands and guards the city].

Compare also sentence 1 above, which means, "I stood and looked on."

b. Many of these participles have an adverbial significance (Section 109a). These are used like adverbial predicates.

1. They came crowding down the avenue.-IRVING, Bracebridge Hall. 2. The leaves came floating down.

c. The subjective complement, while having the form of a participle, may be in effect a mere adjective.

She is very loving (=very affectionate).

NOTE. Rarely the participle is found as an objective complement. 1. I regarded him as having broken his word.

Compare, "I regarded him as untrustworthy."

2. This provision will make it absolutely guaranteed.

This participle may have come to be felt as a mere adjective. 3. His exertions had made him very tired.

PARTICIPLES AS DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES

240. The participle may become a mere descriptive adjective. This is true of most, if not all, participles standing in the adherent adjective position, i. e., immediately before their nouns.

1. Amidst the broken words and loud weeping of those senators.MACAULAY, History vi. 119.

2. To such benign, blessed sounds.-MOORE.

3. The blessed damozel looked out

From the gold bar of Heaven.-ROSSETTI, The Blessed Damozel. 4. By the ruined keeps of old Norman barons.-MACAULAY, History of England vi. 7.

5. Any creeping, venom'd thing that lives.

—SHAKESPEARE, Richard III i. 2. 20.

a. Such participles, like other descriptive adjectives, may, by omission of their noun, be used as substantives (Section 111).

I.

The sleeping and the dead

Are but as pictures.-SHAKESPEARE, Macbeth ii. 2. 53-54.

2. The poor and the suffering.-TAYLOR and READE, Masks i. 2. 3. For the purpose of burying the slain.-MACAULAY, History ii. 182. 4. During the following, he drinks till he falls asleep.-JERROLD, Rent Day i. 4.

PARTICIPLES USED ABSOLUTELY

241. The participle is found in an absolute construction.

1. Talking about ghosts, I expect my friend Fable.-OXENFORD, Twice Killed i. 2.

2. My father had, generally speaking, his temper under complete self-command.-SCOTT, Rob Roy ii.

3. Assuming this to be true, it will necessarily follow. MADDEN, Layamon's Brut i. III.

4. Looking at him merely as an animal, . . . he was a most satisfactory object.-HAWTHORNE, Scarlet Letter, Introd.

5. Judging from the testimony of one of his contemporaries and intimates, he must have been born about the year 1435.-IRVING, Columbus i. I.

6. Considering his promises, he should have done better.

7. Including to-day, we have been here a week.

8. This service is to be performed standing.

NOTE.-Observe that in this way arose the prepositions excepting, concerning, respecting, touching, and the like; and compare Section 213. These are really "dangling participles," sanctioned by usuage.

PARTICIPLES AS ADVERBS

242. The participle may be in significance an adverb of degree or of degree and result.

1. Piercing, searching, biting cold!-DICKENS, Christmas Carol 1. 2. The water is boiling hot.

3. The weather is freezing cold.

EXERCISE ON CHAPTER XVII

Name the form and explain the use of the participles in the following sentences:

1. These books, though written long ago, are delightful to readers of our day.

2. The air is biting.

3. Keep your mind fixed on this point.

4. We must take into account, when discussing these matters, the influence of surroundings.

5. Half-way up the hill he met Bagheera, with the morning dew shining like moonstones on his coat.-KIPLING, The Jungle-Book. 6. The fog came pouring in at every chink and keyhole.-DICKENS, Christmas Stories.

7. That shriek again was heard: it came

More deep, more piercing loud.-SOUTHEY, Lord William. 8. And now the vestal, Reason,

Shall watch the fire awaked by Love.-MOORE.

9. Broken down in his power and resources by this signal defeat, yet faithful to his ally, . . . he rejected all overtures of peace.IRVING.

10. The French, having been dispersed in a gale, put back to Toulon.-SOUTHEY, Nelson.

II. The glorious angel beheld her weeping.-MoORE.

12. Mother Wolf lay with her big gray nose dropped across her four tumbling, squealing cubs.-KIPLING, The Jungle-Book. 13. O, thus I found her, straying in the park.

—SHAKESPEARE, Titus Andronicus iii. 1. 88.

14. He . . . thinks no lamp so cheering

As that light which heaven shed.—Moore.

15. He heard the black steed panting and blowing behind him.— IRVING, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.

16. The girths of the saddle gave way, and he felt it slipping from under him.-IRVING, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.

17. He heard it trampled under foot by his pursuer.-IRVING, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.

18. The goodman sat beside his door,

One sultry afternoon,

With his young wife singing at his side
An old and goodly tune.-WHITTIER.

19. Sleep, soldiers! still in honored rest
Your truth and valor wearing;
The bravest are the tenderest,-

The loving are the daring.

-BAYARD TAYLOR, Song of the Camp. 20. No longer relieving the miserable, he sought only to enrich himself by their misery.-ROGERS, Italy, Marco Griffoni.

21. The neighbors, hearing what was going forward, came flocking about us.-GOLDSMITH, Vicar ix.

22. Musing a little, he withdrew into one of the obscure streets. -BULWER, Rienzi ii. 8.

23. The yellow-banded bees .

Fed thee, a child, lying alone.-TENNYSON.