You observe that the change from direct to indirect discourse involves (1) a change sometimes in the form of the pronoun; (2) a change sometimes in the tense of the verb; (3) the addition sometimes of an introducing term for the noun clause. Study these changes in the following paragraph: DIRECT The capital leading questions on which you must this day decide, are these two: First, whether you ought to concede; and secondly, what your concession ought to be. On the first of these questions we have gained (as I have just taken the liberty of observing to you) some ground. But I am sensible that a good deal more is still to be done. Indeed, Sir, to enable us to determine both on the one and on the other of these great questions with a firm and precise judgment, I think it may be necessary to consider distinctly the true nature and the peculiar circumstances of the object which we have before us. .. I shall therefore endeavour, with your leave, to lay before you some of the most material of these circumstances in as full and as clear a manner as I am able to state them.-BURKE, On Conciliation with America. INDIRECT The capital leading questions, said Burke, on which they must that day decide, were these two, First, whether they ought to concede; and secondly, what their concession ought to be. On the first of these questions they had gained (as he had just taken the liberty of observing to them) some ground. But he was sensible that a good deal more was still to be done. Indeed, . . . to enable them to determine both on the one and on the other of these great questions with a firm and precise judgment, he thought it might be necessary to consider distinctly the true nature and the peculiar circumstances of the object which they had before them. . . . He should therefore endeavour, with their leave, to lay before them some of the most material of these circumstances in as full and as clear a manner as he was able to state them. See further Onions, English Syntax, § 71. EXERCISE ON CHAPTER XIII Tell the construction of the substantive clauses in the following sentences, and explain how they are introduced: 1. Whatever is worth doing at all, is worth doing well. 2. It is remarkable how closely the history of the apple-tree is connected with that of man.-THOREAU. 3. The Turk, who believes that his doom is written on the iron leaf in the moment when he enters the world, rushes on the enemy's sabre with undivided will.-EMERSON. 4. The reader ought to be reminded that Joanna D'Arc was subject to an unusually unfair trial of opinion.-DEQUINCEY, Joan of Arc. 5. The objection to conforming to uses that have become dead to you is that it scatters your forces.-EMERSON. 6. His [Milton's] nature selected and drew to itself whatever was great and good, while it rejected all the base and pernicious ingredients by which those finer elements were defiled.-MACAULAY, Milton. 7. What I must do is all that concerns me, not what people think. -EMERSON. 8. Is this like what you saw? 9. He did not come until long after his brother had departed. (Compare: until after his departure.) 10. I wish I had more ribbon like what you gave me. II. She is not like what she used to be. 12. 'Tis no matter if I do halt. -SHAKESPEARE, 2 Henry IV i. 2. 275. 13. It is no wonder if Goethe has on this account been accused of sensibility.-LEWES, Goethe. 14. 'Tis seldom when the bee doth leave her comb In the dead carrion.-SHAKESPEARE, 2 Henry IV iv. 4. 79-80. 15. It might indeed well be doubted whether the firmest union among all the orders of the State could avert the common danger. -MACAULAY, History of England i. 60. 16. I am very, very glad that Satan has not given me boils and many other misfortunes.-BROWN, Marjorie Fleming. 17. Who wickedly is wise or madly brave, 18. Is but the more a fool, the more a knave.-POPE. -GOLDSMITH, The Deserted Village. 19. But here our authors make a doubt Whether he were more wise or stout. -BUTLER, Hudibras i. 1. 29–30. 20. Take heed that ye do not your alms before men; otherwise ye have no reward of your Father.-Matthew vi. 1. 21. The folded gates would bar my progress now But that the lord. Admits to a share.—COWPER. 22. Dark was the vaulted room of gramarye, To which the wizard led the gallant Knight, -SCOTT, Last Minstrel vi. 17. 23. Are they even what they call happier?-Carlyle. 24. No wonder you are deaf to all I say.-ADDISON. 25. I doubt whether their legs be worth the sums That are given for them.-SHAKESPEARE, Timon i. 2. 238–39. 26. I feared lest it might anger thee. 27. Tell me if you speak in jest or no. -SHAKESPEARE, I Henry IV ii. 3. 102. 28. You must declare you, whether you determine —Coleridge, The Piccolomini, v. 4. 42–4. 29. For the gray warriors prophesied, How the brave boy, in future war, Should tame the unicorn's pride, Exalt the crescent and the star.-SCOTT, Last Minstrel i. 19. 30. Have you money enough to carry on the daily quarrels of man and wife about who shall squander most?-GAY, Beggar's Opera i. 1. As to the how this act Be warranted, it rests with you. 31. -SHELLEY, The Cenci iv. 2. 36–7. 32. Bliss is the same in subject or in king, In who obtain defence or who defend. 33. 34. -POPE, Essay on Man iv. 58–9. Lies in their purses; and whoso empties them —SHAKESPEARE, Richard II ii. 2. 129–31. Comes all:-whate'er we hope, whate'er we have.-COLERIDGE. 35. What he hath won, that hath he fortified. -SHAKESPEARE, John iii. 4. 10. 36. It will be seen that what we account our chief blessings were not without alloy.-MACAULAY, History i. 2. 37. She wore, what was then somewhat unusual, a coat, vest, and hat, resembling those of a man, which fashion has since called a ridinghabit.-SCOTT, Rob Roy v. 38. I'm thinking Captain Lawton will count the noses of what are left before they see their whale-boat.-COOPER, The Spy viii. 39. How comes this hair undone? Its wandering strings must be what blind me so. —Shelley, The Cenci iii. 1. 6–7. 40. Take care what you say; you cannot tell who is listening. CHAPTER XIV COMPLEX SENTENCES-ADVERBIAL CLAUSES 207. The clauses discussed in this chapter are generally classed as ADVERBIAL CLAUSES because they express adverbial notions. They often seem to qualify the whole statement made by the modified clause, rather than its verb alone. (Compare the definition and classes of the adverb, Section 159.) Most frequently, however, these clauses relate especially to the verb; and it will be well to note such cases. They will be found particularly among the locative, temporal, modal, and causal clauses. Clauses of degree and comparison relate to adjectives and adverbs. So do some modal clauses: 1. Thus torn, defaced, and wretched as I seem, Still I have something of Sciolto's virtue. -RowE, The Fair Penitent iv. 1. 160–61. And any clause that can modify an assertion can modify a verbal as well. 2. He decided to do the work as soon as the sun rose. 3. They came immediately, running because they were in great baste. 4. They promised to find the books when they returned. 5. She soon found herself thinking as her companions thought. A subordinate clause may be the adjunct of a clause already subordinate. 6. I said that I would come as soon as I was ready. In sentence 6 there are three orders of clauses: first, an independent clause; second, a subordinate clause; third, a subordinate clause subordinate to the clause that modifies the main clause. NOTE.-With these dependent clauses should be studied the subordinate conjunctions (Section 173). In Chapter IX correlative terms are explained; in discussing sentences containing adverbial clauses the correlation of the subordinate conjunction with an adverb in the main clause should be particularly noted when it occurs. LOCATIVE CLAUSES 208. The CLAUSE OF PLACE tells the locality to which the statement contained in the modified clause is to be referred. It is joined to the main clause by a subordinate conjunction, denoting the place in which, or to which, or from which. 1. Whither I go, ye cannot come.-John xiii. 33. 2. Whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge. Ruth i. 16. 3. O lead me, wheresoe'er I go, 4. Thro' this day's life or death.-POPE, Universal Prayer. On the morrow crouches Judas with the silver in his hands. 5. At the foot of these fairy mountains, the voyager may have descried the light smoke curling up from a village, whose shingle roofs gleam among the trees, just where the blue tints of the upland melt away into the fresh green of the nearer landscape.-IRVING, Rip Van Winkle. 6. Where'er a human heart doth wear 7. Joy's myrtle wreath or sorrow's gyves, After a life more true and fair, There is the true man's birthplace grand.-Lowell. He was cast away About where Troy stood once, and nothing stands.—BYRON. NOTE.-An indefinite place clause, without a conjunction, is found in It disappeared, nobody knew where [it went]. TEMPORAL CLAUSES 209. The CLAUSE OF TIME tells when the action asserted in the modified clause took place. The time relation existing between the two clauses is indicated by the meaning of the conjunction that joins them. The actions may take place at the same time (when, while, no sooner than, as soon as); one may be before or after the other; one may extend up to the other (until); etc. Study the time relation between the clauses in the following sentences. Explain the exact force of the connectives. 1. When Columbus arrived at Cordova, the court was like a military camp.―IRVING, Columbus ii. 3. 2. Whenever the coach stopped, the sailor called for more ale. MARRYAT, Peter Simple i. 2. |