61. Walter de Montreal was not of that mould in which woe can force a settlement, or to which any affliction can bring the continued and habitual melancholy that darkens those who feel more enduringly, though with emotions less stormy.-BULWER, Rienzi i. 12.

62. Beast that I was to trust him!

-JONSON, Every Man in His Humour iv. 6. 63. Fool that I was, to choose so cold a friend.

-ADDISON, Cato iii. 3.

64. There's not a white hair on your face but should have its effect

of gravity.-SHAKESPEARE, 2 Henry IV i. 2. 183.

CHAPTER XIII

COMPLEX SENTENCES-SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES

CONSTRUCTIONS OF SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES

200. The SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSE has some substantive construction in the main clause. It may be a subject, a complement (object, subjective, objective), the object of a preposition, or an appositive.

Find the office of the substantive clause in each of the following sentences:

1. Say thou lovest me.-BYRON.

2. He thought I was a ghost.-TENNYSON.

3. Thou seest I am calm.-TALFOURD, Ion iii. 3.

4. That materials for such a collection existed, cannot be disputed. -SCOTT, Minstrelsy i. 40.

5. The triumph of my soul is that I am.

-YOUNG, Night Thoughts ix. 422. 6. That there should have existed such a likeness is not strange. -MACAULAY, History of England i. 27.

7. The report is that you are quitting England.-GOLDSMITH, The Good-Natur'd Man v.

8. I never was what is popularly called superstitious.-SCOTT, Rob Roy xxi.

9. What followed was in perfect harmony with the beginning.— MACAULAY, History of England ii. 26.

10. What he lived was more beautiful than what he wrote.-LEWES. They made a bargain that they would never forsake each other. -GOLDSMITH.

II.

12. The principle that a king of England was bound to conduct the administration according to law . . . was established at an early period.-MACAULAY.

13. Ask me if I am a courtier.-SHAKESPEARE, All's Well ii. 2. 38. 14. The question is, where did you find it?

15. The announcement that the King had arrived threw the people into an ecstasy of enthusiasm.

16. Whether the house is leasable or not TROLLOPE, Framley Parsonage i. 18.

...

I do not know.

17. The people at the inn do not seem to know exactly when you return.-Hook, Passion and Principle xv.

18. We can't make out why you thought fit to summon him in such haste.-WARREN, Diary ii. 5.

19. He knew not for whom he copied.-SCOTT, Minstrelsy i. 8. 20. He made the masque what it ought to be, essentially lyrical, and dramatic only in semblance.—MACAULAY, Milton.

NOTE 1. Here the indefinite meaning of what is cleared up by the adjective groups following and explaining the clause.

21. They tell how Atys, wild with love,

22.

Roams the mount, and haunted grove.-Moore.
You said nothing

Of how I might be dungeoned as a madman.

-SHELLEY, The Cenci ii. 1. 137-8.

23. Have they any sense of why they sing?-TENNYSON.

24. They have had half a dozen consultations about how the hawk is to be prepared for the morning's sport.-IRVING, Bracebridge Hall.

25. He raised the maid from where she knelt.-BYRON.

26. The star . . . stood over where the young child was.-Matthew ii. 9.

27.

No noise is heard,

Save when the rugged bear and the gaunt wolf Howl in the upper regions.-ROGERS, Italy. 28. Who alone suffers, suffers most i' the mind.

-SHAKESPEARE, Lear iii. 6. III.

29. Thou canst make conquest of whate'er seems highest.

30. What I saw to be the right thing, that I did.-LEWES, Goethe i. 14.1 31. What he hath utter'd I have writ my sister.

—SHAKESPEARE, Lear i. 4. 354. 32. The theater affords the most appropriate example of what I mean.-SCOTT, Minstrelsy i. 58.

33. Understanding, that is, equilibrium of mind, intellectual good digestion... makes the Saxon mentally and physically what we call a very fixed fact.-LowEll.

34. That thou art naked, who hath told thee?

-MILTON, Paradise Lost x. 121. 35. His natural temperament made him, at least in comparison with his neighbors, what one might call generous.

NOTE 2.—A peculiar construction is found in the following sentence: My cargo was a great part of it lost, especially the iron, which I expected would be of great use to me.-DEFOE, Robinson Crusoe.

We can hardly regard I expected as a parenthetical clause (Section 189), and the clause introduced by which as a pure adjective clause, because an absolute

clause would be set off by commas. It seems more reasonable to regard which would be of great use to me as a substantive clause the object of expected. At the same time, the connection of this part of the sentence to what goes before is secured through the relative pronoun which, relating to its antecedent iron. In its relation to iron the clause beginning with which is an adjective; in its relation to expected it is a substantive.

NOTE 3.-In the following sentence,

He shall know of the doctrine, whether it be of God (John vii. 17), the substantive clause specifies the special point under discussion with regard to the doctrine, i. e.,

He shall know whether or not the doctrine be of God.

NOTE 4.-A substantive clause may be in apposition with another whole clause.

I learned, what I might have guessed from her treatment of him, that he was her son.

NOTE 5.-A clause may take the place of a dative substantive after like

or near.

1. This is like what we found.

2. Is it near where you are going?

It may be used for an adverbial noun after worth.

3. This is not worth what we paid for it.

NOTE 6.-A direct quotation used as the object of such a verb as said is grammatically a substantive clause; logically it is the main part of the

sentence.

"I'll come as soon as I can," said Alice.

NOTE 7.-In an old idiom a peculiar circumlocution occurs. The subject of the substantive clause appears as the object of the main verb, and is represented in the clause by a pronoun. Thus the main verb has a noun object and a clause object.

Consider the lilies, how they grow [i. e., consider how the lilies grow].

201. Observe the use of it as grammatical subject, or expletive, in the following, while the logical subject, a substantive clause, appears at the end of the sentence:

1. It is uncertain whether we shall go.

2. 'Tis strange they come not.-BYRON, Manfred iii. 1.

3. It does not matter just when I came.

4. It was stipulated that Peter should not remain within two hundred miles of the state.-BOLINGBROKE, Letters 3.

5. It seems as if he must be mad.

NOTE 1.-It may stand also as grammatical object of the verb, while the logical object, a substantive clause, stands after an objective complement. 1. You must make it clear to yourself which you are bent on popularity or usefulness; else you may miss both.

2. I did not think it best that I should stop.

3. I should take it as a greater favor if you would hasten the horses. NOTE 2.-The expletive it is almost impersonal in

It seems to me that you are very late.

202. If the substantive constructions previously described (Chapter III) have been mastered, only one use of the substantive clause is likely to make the student trouble. The clause is sometimes used without a preposition where the noun or pronoun requires the preposition. Such constructions are found in these positions:

a. After certain adjectives: glad, sorry, aware, fearful, anxious, determined, resolved, etc.

I. I was sorry that my letter was unsatisfactory.-SCOTT, Rob Roy ii. Compare this with a noun in the same place:

2. I was sorry for the mistake.

b. After some nouns: hope, evidence, assurance, doubt, etc. I have no hope

That he's undrown'd.-SHAKESPEARE, The Tempest ii. 1. 238-9. Compare "hope of safety."

c. After some verbs: beware, assure, warn, etc.

1. Beware lest blundering Brougham destroy the sale.-BYRON. Note the etymology of beware, and compare:

2. Beware of storms. Be wary about that—concerning that.

EXERCISE

Explain the construction of the substantive clauses in the following sentences:

1. I am really afraid we cannot afford to trouble you often.— WARREN, Diary ii. 5.

2.

I am glad you're hungry.-MARRYAT, Peter Simple i.

3. I do assure you I would offer him no less.-FIELDING, Amelia i. 10.

4. Is there necessity I must be miserable?-CONGREVE, M. Br. i. 1. Persuasion in me grew

5.

That I was heard with favor.

-MILTON, Paradise Lost xi. 152-53.

6. That he really was a wonderful child, we have undeniable evidence.-LEWES, Goethe i. 18.