This means: Hardly a day passed when he did not feel that he must add a wreath to it. NOTE. The connective that might often be considered a relative pronoun in adverbial syntax. 1a. I started the moment that they left. That expresses a time notion depending on left; it also connects the clause to moment, of which noun it takes the place in the second clause. 1b. I started at a certain moment. They left at that same moment. 20. Do this the way that I do it. Compare: 26. Do this in the same way in which I do it, where the adverbial substantives are supplanted by phrases. THE ORDER OF DETERMINATIVE CLAUSES WITH IT 198. When the principal clause consists of the subject it plus the copula plus a predicate noun, a restrictive clause dependent in sense on it often follows the predicate noun, and careful analysis of the thought is necessary to detect its relation to it. 1a. Is it dark meat or white meat that you will be helped to?— HOLMES. This means: 1b. Is it, i. e., the kind you prefer and will be helped to, dark meat or white meat? The clause is really dependent on it. One is especially tempted to regard the predicate noun as the antecedent of the relative when the adjective clause is attracted by that into the plural number. A careful study of the meaning of the sentence, however, will convince us that the clause is an adjunct of the subject it in spite of the forms. 2. It is those who remain indoors, therefore, who are exposed to the utmost rigor of the winter.-HOWELLS. The sentence, through the copula is, declares the identity of two classes: the class (it) that feel the cold most, and the class (those) that remain indoors. The number of the clause dependent on it is due to those, which is felt to be identical with it, and stands nearer the subordinate clause. Such a clause may depend on an object it rather than a subject it. 3. I believed it to be John that I saw. FORWARD-MOVING CLAUSES 199. An adjective clause is sometimes so distantly connected with its antecedent that it is in its thought-relation co-ordinate. Some grammarians call this a CLAUSE OF ADDITION; others call it a FORWARD-MOVING clause. 1. I gave him a piece of bread, which he eat [=and he ate it]. -DEFOE, Robinson Crusoe. This is particularly the case when the subordinate clause is imperative or interrogative. 2. It is in the preface, which see. 3. They leave us the dangers, the repulses, judgments, wants; which how long will you bear?-BEN JONSON, Catiline i. 1. Study the meaning of the clauses in these sentences: 4. I thrice presented him a kingly crown, Which he did thrice refuse. -SHAKESPEARE, Julius Cæsar iii. 2. 101-2. 5. They cast them into prison, charging the jailer to keep them safely; who thrust them into the inner prison.-Acts xvi. 23-24. 6. One Almighty is, from whom All things proceed, and up to him return. -MILTON, Paradise Lost v. 469–70. NOTE.-In sentence 6 observe the connection of the adjective clause with a following independent clause by and. Milton evidently felt that from whom was equivalent to and from him, and co-ordinate with to him. The clause introduced by the relative adjective which is likely to be a forward-moving clause (compare Section 194). So also the clause introduced by which or as having an entire clause for antecedent, or relating to some word not a noun (see Sections 1942, b and 195, note 2). The clause joined by a subordinate conjunction may be a forward-moving clause. 7. By this time I had gone to Philadelphia, whither [i. e., to which city] the letters were forwarded. That is," and the letters were forwarded to that city." EXERCISE ON CHAPTER XII In the following sentences explain the use and the connection of the adjective clauses: 1. Yet all experience is an arch wherethro' Gleams that untravell'd world, whose margin fades For ever and for ever when I move.-TENNYSON, Ulysses. 2. Ye call me chief, and ye do well to call him chief who, for twelve long years, has met upon the arena every shape of man or beast that the broad Empire of Rome could furnish, and yet never has lowered his arm.-ELIJAH KELLOGG, Spartacus. 3. There is no fireside but has one vacant chair.-LONGFELLOW. 4. The Greek drama, on the model of which the Samson was written, sprang from the Ode.—MACAULAY, Milton. 5. It is the bit of truth in every slander, the hint of likeness in every caricature, that makes us smart.-Lowell. 6. It's an ill wind that blows nobody good. 7. I finally discovered a cave, where I rested. 8. He will say that I have done wrong, which will cause me much pain. 9. There were articles of comfort and luxury such as Hester never cared to use, but which only wealth could have purchased.— HAWTHORNE, The Scarlet Letter xxiv. 10. This is perhaps the reason why we so seldom hear of ghosts except in our long-established Dutch settlements.-IRVING, The Sketch-Book. II. I had got home to my little tent, where I lay with all my wealth about me, very secure. 12. Livingstone explored Central Africa, where he perished. 13. That orbed maiden With white fire laden, Whom mortals call the Moon, Glides glimmering o'er My fleecelike floor, By the midnight breezes strewn.-SHELLEY, The Cloud. 14. I carried the book to the table, where I laid it down. 15. As I told you before, you must not go. 16. If difficulties arose, as will sometimes happen among the best of men, they were nipped in the bud betimes. 17. There be some sports are painful. -SHAKESPEARE, The Tempest iii. 1. 1. 18. What is this absorbs me quite, Steals my senses, shuts my sight, Drowns my spirits, draws my breath? -POPE, The Dying Christian. 19. It is the cause and not our will, which asks Such actions at our hands.-BYRON. 20. 21. Adorn but man with freedom, And proud he braves the gaudiest slaves The guards and habit of Numidia's prince? -ADDISON, Cato iv. 2. 22. The wretch that works and weeps without relief Has one that notices his silent grief.-CowPER. 23. Thou hast done, or assisted to nothing, in my judgment, but deserves to be pardoned.-JONSON, Every Man in His Humour V. I. 24. I scarce can meet a monument but holds My younger.-YOUNG, Night Thoughts iv. 21-2. 25. 'Tis thou that robb'st me of my lord. —MARLOWE, Edward II 456. 26. It was not England that declared war first.-CARLYLE, The French Revolution iii. 2. 8. 27. It is this which in later years perplexed his judges.-LEWES, Goethe i. 52. 28. 'Tis not thy wealth, but her that I esteem. -MARLOWE, Jew ii. 1063. 29. 'Tis thee I fear.-SHAKESPEARE, 2 Henry VI iv. 1. 118. 30. Where a great regular army exists, limited monarchy, such as it was in the Middle Ages, can exist no longer.-MACAULAY, History of England i. 41. 31. A large glass of claret was offered to Mannering, who drank it to the health of the reigning prince.-SCOTT, Guy Mannering xxxvi. 32. He quoted the chronicle of Antwerp and that of Martin; against which authorities Lovel had nothing to oppose.-SCOTT. 33. I am near to the place where they should meet. -SHAKESPEARE, Cymbeline iv. I. 2. 34. We came to the land whither thou sentest us.-Numbers xii. 27. I know no cause 35. Why I should welcome such a guest as grief. -SHAKESPEARE, Richard II ii. 2. 6–7. 36. There was no man so sanguine who did not apprehend some ill consequence from the last change.-SWIFT. 37. Now is the time when after sparkling showers Her starry leaves the virgin jasmin weaves.-Bulwer. 38. The day that she was missing he was here. -SHAKESPEARE, Cymbeline iv. 3. 17. 39. At the time that I was born, he smoked and she drank.—MAR RYAT. 40. In that day thou seest my face, thou shalt die.—Exodus x. 28. 41. This is the tenth time I've called for my bill.-JERROLD. 42. Much that is great and excellent will we Perform together yet.-COLERIDGE, The Piccolomini v. 2. 93-4. 43. About ten thousand picked and veteran soldiers were thus obtained, of which the Duke of Alva was appointed general-in-chief. -MOTLEY, Rise iii. 1. 44. Martin Chuzzlewit signed to his young companion to withdraw, which she immediately did.-DICKENS, Martin Chuzzlewit i. 3. 45. When the Doctor took liberties, which was not seldom the case, his patron became more than usually cold and sullen.—MACAULAY, History of England iii. 17. 46. How unkind, then, to torture this faithful creature, who has left the forest to claim the protection of man.-GOLDSMITH, The Dog. 47. How hard is our fate who serve in the state. 48. -ADDISON, Rosamond i. 3. Fickle their state whom God Most favors.-MILTON, Paradise Lost ix. 948-9. 49. Nor better was their lot who fled. -SCOTT, The Lord of the Isles v. 28. 50. I'm one of those who think feelings a kind of property.-BULWER, Money i. 2. 51. That was he Without whose life I had not been.-TENNYSON. 52. The instant he understood my meaning, he forgot all his grievances.-SCOTT. 53. The moment my business here is arranged, I must set out.BYRON. 54. Tears, such as angels weep, burst forth. -MILTON, Paradise Lost i. 620. 55. Such as our motive is, our aim must be.-CowPER. 56. The manner and expression of it is such as, I trust, will make you a powerful instrument toward mending the present degeneracy. -CHATHAM. 57. And mayst thou find with Heaven the same forgiveness As with thy father here.-RowE, The Fair Penitent v. 1. 255-6. 58. His whole skin was the same as steel.-Coleridge. 59. With the same measure that ye mete withal it shall be measured to you again.-Luke vi. 38. 60. Socrates makes precisely the same use of the statutes of Polycletos and the pictures of Zeuxis which Paley makes of the watch. -MACAULAY, Essays iv. 100. |