How the Brain Evolved LanguageHow can an infinite number of sentences be generated from one human mind? How did language evolve in apes? In this book Donald Loritz addresses these and other fundamental and vexing questions about language, cognition, and the human brain. He starts by tracing how evolution and natural adaptation selected certain features of the brain to perform communication functions, then shows how those features developed into designs for human language. The result -- what Loritz calls an adaptive grammar -- gives a unified explanation of language in the brain and contradicts directly (and controversially) the theory of innateness proposed by, among others, Chomsky and Pinker. |
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Page 4
... nerves , thereby causing muscles to move . He specifically thought that the pineal gland at the base of the ventricles was a kind of master valve , which con- trolled hydraulic pressure in the system . To Descartes , this brain - pump ...
... nerves , thereby causing muscles to move . He specifically thought that the pineal gland at the base of the ventricles was a kind of master valve , which con- trolled hydraulic pressure in the system . To Descartes , this brain - pump ...
Page 7
... nerve cells . But how could electrical impulses he transmitted if the wires weren't connected ? Golgi maintained that the myriad cells of the nervous sys- tem must form a continuous network . In the early 1900s many more researchers ...
... nerve cells . But how could electrical impulses he transmitted if the wires weren't connected ? Golgi maintained that the myriad cells of the nervous sys- tem must form a continuous network . In the early 1900s many more researchers ...
Page 8
... nerve and the reflex action produced thereby ; while for the analogue of belief , in the nervous system , we must look to what are called nervous associations — for example , to that habit of the nerves in conse- quence of which the ...
... nerve and the reflex action produced thereby ; while for the analogue of belief , in the nervous system , we must look to what are called nervous associations — for example , to that habit of the nerves in conse- quence of which the ...
Page 14
... nervous system ( Ramon y Cajal in 1906 , Golgi in 1906 , Sherrington in 1932 , Adrian in 1932 , Dale in 1936 , Loewi in 1936 , Erlanger in 1944 , Gasser in 1944 , Hess in 1949 , Bekesy in 1961 , Hodgkin in 1963 , Huxley in 1963 , Eccles ...
... nervous system ( Ramon y Cajal in 1906 , Golgi in 1906 , Sherrington in 1932 , Adrian in 1932 , Dale in 1936 , Loewi in 1936 , Erlanger in 1944 , Gasser in 1944 , Hess in 1949 , Bekesy in 1961 , Hodgkin in 1963 , Huxley in 1963 , Eccles ...
Page 18
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Contents
3 | |
Joness Theory of Evolution | 21 |
The Communicating Cell | 36 |
The Society of Brain | 52 |
Adaptive Resonance | 74 |
Speech and Hearing | 90 |
Speech Perception | 109 |
One Two Three | 123 |
Romiet and Juleo | 133 |
Null Movement | 143 |
Truth and Consequences | 161 |
What If Language Is Learned hy Brain Cells? | 171 |
NOTES | 195 |
REFERENCES | 203 |
INDEX | 219 |
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Common terms and phrases
activated adaptive grammar aphasia arcuate fasciculus auditory axon collaterals behavior brain cells Broca's area cell body cerebellar cerebellum cerebral cortex cerebrum chapter child Chomsky cochlea cochlear nucleus cognitive complex dendrites deperseverated depolarization develop dipole dipole rebounds disorders English equation evolved example excitatory feedback figure formant frequency Grossberg gyrus hemisphere hippocampus Homo loquens human inferior colliculus inhibition inhibitory cells input language learning later linguistic lobe long-term memory medial geniculate nucleus membrane minimal anatomies molecules morphemes motor plan myelin neocortex nerve nervous system networks neural neurons neurotransmitter nodes noradrenaline normal offbeat on-center off-surround anatomy organization output parallel pathways pattern Peirce perception perceptron phonemic polypole postsynaptic problem pyramidal cells receptors Reprinted by permission resonance rhythm Romiet self-similar semantic sensory sentences serial signals sound speech spike spoonerisms structure syllables synapse thalamus theory tion tive tonotopic topic gradient verb vocal tract voice vowel Wernicke's area word
Popular passages
Page 21 - The Sanscrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and in the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists...
Page 45 - When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A's efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased.
Page 161 - Consider what effects, that might conceivably have practical bearings, we conceive the object of our conception to have. Then, our conception of these effects is the whole of our conception of the object.
Page 8 - Thus, both doubt and belief have positive effects upon us, though very different ones. Belief does not make us act at once, but puts us into such a condition that we shall behave in a certain way, when the occasion arises. Doubt has not the least effect of this sort, but stimulates us to action until it is destroyed.
Page 87 - ... until it is destroyed. This reminds us of the irritation of a nerve and the reflex action produced thereby; while for the analogue of belief, in the nervous system, we must look to what are called nervous associations — for example, to that habit of the nerves in consequence of which the smell of a peach will make the mouth water.
Page 10 - Besides, you cannot seriously think that every little chicken that is hatched, has to rummage through all possible theories until it lights upon the good idea of picking up something and eating it. On the contrary, you think the chicken has an innate idea of doing this; that is to say, that it can think of this, but has no faculty of thinking anything else.
Page 210 - Van Essen, DC (1985). The complete pattern of ocular dominance stripes in the striate cortex and visual field of the macaque monkey.