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or after 9 o'clock in the evening of the day. And no person under the Immoral resorts. age of twenty-one years shall be permitted to deliver messages or goods to, or required to visit, in the course of any employment, any house of ill repute, or saloon, or gambling house, or other places of objectionable character which have been disapproved by the juvenile court.

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Contents of per

mit.

Night work.

Evidence.

Violations.

Jurisdiction

courts.

Employment

of

SEC. 8. No boy under the age of fourteen years and no girl under the age of sixteen years shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work at any gainful occupation other than domestic service, fruit or vegetable packing or work on a farm more than fifty-four hours in any one week. SEC. 9. No male child under twelve and no girl under sixteen years of age shall, in any city of the first or second class, sell or expose or offer for sale newspapers, magazines, periodicals or other merchandise in any street or public place. No child shall work as a bootblack in any street or public place unless he is over twelve years of age.

SEC. 10. No male child under sixteen years of age shall sell or expose or offer for sale in any street or public place any of the articles mentioned in section 9 or work as a bootblack therein, unless a permit as hereinafter provided shall have been issued to him by the superintendent of schools or by a person authorized by him in writing, or, where there is no superintendent of schools, by a person authorized by the school board on the application of the parent, guardian or other person having the custody of the child desiring such permit or in case said child has no parent, guardian or custodian, then on the application of his next friend, being an adult. Such permit shall not be issued until the officer issuing the same shall have received, examined, approved and placed on file in his office satisfactory proof that such male child is of the age of twelve years or upwards, and shall also have received, examined and placed on file the written statement of the principal or chief executive officer of the school which the child is attending, stating that such child is an attendant at such school, that he is of the normal development of a child of his age and physically fit for such employment, and that said principal or chief executive officer approves the granting of a permit to such child.

SEC. 11. Such permit shall state the name and address of its parent, guardian, custodian or next friend, as the case may be, and shall describe the color of the hair and eyes, the height and weight and any distinguishing facial mark of such child.

SEC. 12. No child to whom a permit is issued as provided for in section 10 of this act shall work as a bootblack, sell or expose or offer for sale any newspapers, magazines, periodicals or other merchandise in any street or public place after 9 o'clock in the evening.

SEC. 13. In case any employer shall fail to produce and deliver to an authorized inspector or truant officer, within ten days after demand made pursuant to section 2 of this act, the evidence of age therein required, and shall thereafter continue to employ such child or permit or suffer such child to work in such place or establishment, proof of the giving of such notice and of such failure to produce and file such evidence shall be prima facie evidence of the illegal employment of such child in any prosecution brought therefor.

SEC. 14. Whoever employs any child, and whoever having under his control as a parent, guardian or otherwise, any child, permits or suffers such child to be employed or to work in violation of any of the provisions of this act, shall for such offense be fined not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than two hundred dollars, or be imprisoned for not less than ten days nor more than thirty days, or both, in the discretion of the court.

SEC. 15. The juvenile court or courts of like jurisdiction of the State of Utah is [are] hereby given jurisdiction in all cases arising under this act.

VERMONT.

PUBLIC STATUTES, 1906.

Employment of children-General provisions.

SECTION 1044 (as amended by act No. 69, Acts of 1910). A child unduring school der sixteen years of age who has not completed the course of study of nine years prepared for the elementary schools by the superintendent

time.

of education shall not, unless excused in writing by the town or union superintendent of schools, or by the chairman of the prudential committee in the case of an incorporated district, be employed in work connected with railroading, mining, manufacturing or quarrying, or be employed in a hotel or bowling alley, or in delivering messages, except during vacations and before and after school, unless said child deposits with his employer a certificate from said superintendent, or chairman of the prudential committee, to the effect that he is eligible to employment in accordance with the provisions of this chapter; and no child under sixteen years of age shall be employed after eight o'clock at night in any of the occupations or industries herein enumerated. In case said child has been in attendance upon a private or parochial school, such superintendent or chairman of the prudential committee may examine said child for the purpose of determining his eligibility to employment in accordance with this section.

SEC. 1045 (as amended by act No. 69, Acts of 1910). The town superintendent, union superintendent, or the chairman of the prudential committee, may inquire of the owner or superintendent of a mill, factory, quarry, workshop, hotel, bowling alley, or railroad office, shop or yards, as to the employment of children therein, may call for the production of certificates deposited with such owner or superintendent, and satisfy himself that the requirements of law have been complied with.

SEC. 1046 (as amended by act No. 70, Acts of 1910). No child under fourteen years of age shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work for any railroad company or in, about or in connection with any mill, factory, quarry or workshop, wherein are employed exceeding ten persons. No child under the age of twelve years shall he employed by or permitted to work in, about or in connection with any mill, factory, quarry, workshop, or in delivering messages for a corporation or company or in any mercantile establishment, store, business office, restaurant, bakery or hotel.

SEC. 1047. No person having a child under his control shall allow him to be employed contrary to the provisions of this chapter.

SEC. 1048 (as amended by act No. 70, Acts of 1910). A person who violates a provision of chapter 50 [sections 1044-1050] of the Public Statutes or of this act shall be fined not less than five dollars nor more than two hundred dollars for each offense, and upon a second conviction, may be so fined or imprisoned for not more than six months.

Employment of women and children in barrooms.

Night work.

Enforcement.

Age limit.

Acts of parents

etc.

Violations.

SECTION 5130. Licenses shall be subject to the following conditions: Employment

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That no female, or person under the age of twenty-one, shall be employed in such barroom.

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forbidden.

ACTS OF 1910.

No. 69.-Employment of children-Certificate.

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SECTION 4. Any person having control of a child * seeking Evidence of age. an employment certificate for such child, shall, when required by the town or union superintendent, or by the school board of an incorporated district, furnish evidence of the age of such child.

No. 70.-Employment of children.

SECTION 2. No child under the age of sixteen years shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work at any of the following occupations or in any of the following positions: Sewing machine belts in any workshop or factory, or assisting therein in any capacity whatever; adjusting any belt to any machinery; oiling, wiping or cleaning machinery or assisting therein; operating circular or band saws, wood shapers, wood jointers, planers, sandpaper or wood-polishing machinery, picker machines, machines used in picking wool, machines used in picking

Occupations forbidden.

Employment of girls.

Seats.

Statement parents, etc.

without
cate forbidden.

by

cotton, machines used in picking hair, machines used in picking any upholstering material, paper-lacing machines, leather burnishing machines, burnishing machines in any tannery or leather manufactory, job or cylinder printing presses operated by power other than foot power, emery or polishing wheels used for polishing metal, woodturning or boring machinery, stamping machines used in sheet-metal and tinware manufacturing, stamping machines in washer and nut factories, corrugating rolls, such as are used in roofing and washboard factories, steam boilers, steam machinery, or other steam generating apparatus, dough brakes, or cracker machinery of any description, wood or iron straightening machinery, rolling mill machinery, punches or shears, washing, grinding or mixing mills, calender rolls in rubber manufacturing, or laundering machinery; preparing any composition in which dangerous or poisonous acids are used; manufacture of paints, colors, or white lead; cigar factory, or other factory where tobacco is manufactured or prepared.

SEC. 3. Females under the age of eighteen years shall not be employed, permitted or suffered to work in any capacity where such employment compels them to remain standing constantly. Every person who shall employ any female under the age of eighteen in any place or establishment mentioned in section one shall provide suitable seats, chairs, or benches for the use of the females so employed, which shall be so placed as to be accessible to said employees; and shall permit the use of such seats, chairs or benches by them when they are not necessarily engaged in the active duties for which they are employed, and there shall be provided at least one chair to every three females. SEC. 4. An employer may and upon written request of the town or city grand juror, the State's attorney or the attorney general, shall require the parent, guardian or custodian of any minor in his employ to sign and furnish a certificate showing when and where such minor was born.

Employment SEC. 5. No person having a minor under his control shall allow him certifi- to be employed after the certificate required by the preceding section has been requested by the employer, until the same has been furnished; and no employer shall after such certificate has been requested by any of the officers named in the preceding section, further employ such minor until the certificate has been furnished and not afterward if it shall appear from such certificate that the further employment is in violation of this act or of chapter 50 [sections 1044-1050] of the Public Statutes.

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SEC. 6. An employer who shall fail to comply forthwith with the request of any officer, as provided in the second preceding section, so far as he is able, or who shall further employ a minor child in violation of the last preceding section, shall be subject to the penalties provided by section 1048 of the Public Statutes, as amended by this act.

SEC. 7. A parent, guardian or custodian of a minor child who shall make any false statement in any certificate required by the third preceding section shall be punished as provided in section 1048 of the Public Statutes as amended by this act.

VIRGINIA.

CODE 1904.

Employment of children while parents live in idleness.

SECTION 884. The following persons shall be deemed vagrants:

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All persons who are able to work and who do not work, but hire out their minor children and live upon their wages.

Employment of women and children.

SECTION 3657a (as amended by chapter 189, Acts of 1910). Chairs, male employees. stools or other suitable seats shall be maintained in mercantile establishments for the use of female employees therein to the number of at least one seat for every three females employed, and the use thereof

Use.

by such employees shall be allowed at such times and to such extent as may be necessary for the preservation of their health. If the duties of the female employees, for the use of whom the seats are furnished, are to be principally performed in front of a counter, table, desk or fixture, such seats shall be placed in front thereof; if such duties are to be principally performed behind such counter, table, desk or fixture, such seats shall be placed behind the same.

If any employer of female help in the State of Virginia shall neglect Violations. or refuse to provide seats, as provided in this act, or shall make any rules, orders or regulations in his shop, store or other place of business, requiring females to remain standing when not necessarily employed in service or labor therein, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof in any court of competent jurisdiction shall be liable to a fine therefor in a sum not to exceed twenty-five dollars, with costs, in the discretion of the court.

SEC. 3657b. No female and no child under fourteen years of age shall work as an operative in any factory or manufacturing establishment in this State more than ten hours in any one day of twenty-four hours. All contracts made or to be made for the employment of any female or of any child under fourteen years of age as an operative in any factory or manufacturing establishment to work more than ten hours in any one day of twenty-four hours are and shall be void. Any person having the authority to contract for the employment of persons as operatives in any factory or manufacturing establishment who shall engage or contract with any female or any child under fourteen years of age to work as an operative in such factory or manufacturing establishment during more than ten hours in any one day of twenty-four hours shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and be fined not less than five nor more than twenty dollars.

Hours of labor

Night work.

SEC. 3657bb. No child under the age of fourteen years and over twelve years of age shall be employed in any manufacturing, mechanical, or mining operations in this Commonwealth to work between the hours of six o'clock postmeridian and seven o'clock antemeridian; and that no child under the age of twelve years shall be employed in any Age limit. manufacturing, mechanical, or mining operation in this Commonwealth; and any owner, agent, superintendent, overseer, foreman, or manager of any manufacturing, mechanical, or mining operation who shall knowingly employ, or permit to be employed, in the operation of which he is owner, agent, superintendent, overseer, foreman, or manager any child contrary to the provisions of this act, and any parent or guardian who allows or consents to such employment of his child or ward, shall, upon conviction of such offense, be fined not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars.

Certain employments of children forbidden.

SECTION 3795a.

* (2) It shall be unlawful for any person Acrobatic, having the care, custody, or control of any child under the age of four- mendicant, etc., occupations. teen years to sell, apprentice, give away, let, or hire out, or otherwise dispose of such child to any person in or for the vocation or occupation, service, or purpose of rope or wire walking, begging or peddling, or as a gymnast, contortionist, rider, or acrobat in any place whatsoever, or for any obscene, indecent, or immoral purpose, exhibition, or practice whatsoever, or for or in any business, exhibition, or vocation injurious to the health or morals or dangerous to the life or limb of such child, or cause, procure, encourage, or permit any such child to engage therein. (3) It shall also be unlawful for any person to take, receive, hire, employ, use, exhibit, or have in custody any child under the age aforesaid for any of the purposes prohibited in the second section [paragraph] of this act [sec. 3795a].

(6) Whenever any person or persons having the care or custody of any child within the age previously mentioned in this act shall engage, hire out, or use such child in or for any business, exhibition, vocation, or purpose prohibited in this act, or shall permit the use of such child therefor, and shall be convicted of the same, the court or magistrate before whom such conviction is had may at his discretion if he should think it desirable for the welfare of such child deprive the person or

Age limit.

Orphans, etc.

Certificate.

Violations.

Repeal.

Mendicant, etc., occupations.

persons so convicted of the custody of such child, and thereafter such child shall be deemed in the custody of the court, and thereupon such proceedings shall be had as to the commitment, custody, care, and education of such child as are provided for in section five of this act [for vagrant or destitute children].

(7) A person convicted under any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished by fine not exceeding two hundred dollars or by imprisonment in jail not exceeding twelve months or both.

(8) In this act the word "person" shall be construed to include corporations, partnerships, companies, and associations, as well as individuals.

ACTS OF 1908.

CHAPTER 301.-Employment of children—Age limit.

SECTION 1. On and after March first, nineteen hundred and nine, no child under the age of thirteen years, and on and after March first, nineteen hundred and ten, no child under the age of fourteen years, shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work in any factory, workshop, mercantile establishment, or mine in this Commonwealth: Provided, This act shall not exclude any child over the age of twelve, who is an orphan, or who for any other reason is dependent on its own labor for support, nor any child or children whose parent or parents are invalids, and solely dependent upon the labor of such child or children for support; in either of which cases a certificate shall be obtained from the circuit court of the county, or corporation court of the city, or the judge thereof in vacation, or from the mayor of the city or town, or a justice of the peace of the magisterial district, as the case may be, in which such child or children reside, setting forth the fact that a necessity exists, and authorizing the employment of said child or children, and a copy of such permit shall be forwarded to the commissioner of labor within ten days from the granting thereof, by the clerk of the court in which, or the officer by whom such permit was granted.

Any owner, superintendent, overseer, foreman or manager, who shall knowingly employ or permit any child to be employed contrary to the provisions of this act, in any factory, workshop, mercantile establishment, or mine, with which he is connected, and any parent or guardian, who allows any such employment of his child or ward, shall upon conviction of such offense, be fined not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars: Provided, That as to fruit and vegetable canneries, and as to stores in the country and in towns of less than two thousand population, and country workshops not in the suburbs of a city, the law shall remain as if this act had not been passed. But nothing in this act shall prevent a parent from working his or her child in any factory, workshop, mercantile establishment, or mine, or other place owned or operated by said parent.

Any employment contrary to the provisions of this act shall be prima facie evidence of guilt, both as to the employer and the parent or guardian of the child so employed.

SEC. 2. All acts and parts of acts that are or may be in conflict with the operation of this act on and after March the first, nineteen hundred and nine, are to that extent hereby repealed, said repeal to take effect as of March the first, nineteen hundred and nine.

WASHINGTON.

CODES AND STATUTES-1909.

Employment of children-Certain occupations forbidden-Age limit. SECTION 2446. Every person who shall employ, or cause to be employed, exhibit or have in his custody for exhibition or employment any minor actually or apparently under the age of eighteen years; and every parent, relative, guardian, employer or other person having the

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