As noted above, the Wisconsin law prescribes a maximum ratio of not less than 1 closet accommodation for every 20 persons employed. Examination of the first table shows that this standard was not observed by 1 of 18 establishments in the case of males, and by 7 of 19 in the case of females.

A tobacco factory employed a woman attendant to look after dressing room and keep workrooms clean.

A match factory contained a large lunch room where employees ate in two sections. Soup and coffee were served free.

The above tables include 4 confectionery establishments, which, as noted in the legal summary above, are subject to especial regulations as regards toilet facilities. Two of these 4 confectionery establishments had sufficient and separate wash rooms, furnished with soap and towels; sufficient dressing rooms, separate for the sexes; and water-closets clean, private, and with less than 20 persons per accommodation. The third of the 4 confectionery establishments had equally satisfactory conditions, except that it did not furnish towels to its employees. The fourth confectionery establishment on the other hand, although amply and satisfactorily supplied with dressing rooms and water-closets, had no washing facilities of any kind for the use of its employees.

MARYLAND.

SUMMARY OF LEGISLATION.1

A public general law of Maryland requires seats for females in all mercantile establishments within the State, and a public local law requires seats for females in mercantile and manufacturing establishments in Baltimore City. There are no legal requirements regarding water-closets, wash rooms, dressing rooms, lunch rooms, rest rooms, or drinking water.3

The legal provision regarding seats for females in Baltimore City is as follows:

Every employer of females and mercantile or manufacturing establishment in the city of Baltimore must provide and maintain suit

1 The law here referred to is as in force at the time of the investigation, January, 1909. The text of the laws in force Jan. 1, 1912, is given in the appendixes at the end of this volume.

Pub. Gen. Laws, Code of 1903, art. 27, sec. 230, as amended by ch. 287, Acts of 1904 (22d An. Rept. Com. of Labor, pp. 539, 540). Pub. Local Laws, Code of 1888, art. 4, sec. 505, as amended by ch. 589, Acts of 1900 (22d An. Rept. Com. of Labor, p. 564).

'The legislation regarding tenement shops does not refer specifically to the subjects of water-closets, wash rooms, etc. There is no special State legislation regarding bakeries.

Pub. Local Laws, Code of 1888, art. 4, sec. 505, as amended by ch. 589, Acts of 1900, and sec. 506, Rev. of 1898, ch. 123, Acts of 1898 (22d An. Rept. Com. of Labor, p. 564).

able seats for the use of such employees. A person is deemed not to maintain suitable seats for the use of female employees unless he permits the use thereof by such employees to such extent as may be reasonable for the preservation of health and proper rest, and the question of what is thus reasonable is one for determination by the jury or the court acting as a jury in any prosecution hereunder.

Penalty.-$150.

This requirement applies, as noted above, only to the city of Baltimore; but as approximately four-fifths of the female factory employees of Maryland are within that city the scope of the requirement is nevertheless very broad. Its enforcement is not charged to the State factory inspection department, which assumes no responsibility or authority in the matter.

While, as has been mentioned, there are no legal requirements regarding toilet facilities of any kind, there is a provision of the factory inspection law which bears indirectly upon the subject of water-closets. The provision referred to is as follows: "

2

All factories, manufacturing establishments, or workshops in this State shall be kept in a cleanly condition and free from effluvia arising from any drain, privy, or other nuisance.

The factory inspection department, however, does not construe this provision as vesting it with any authority in the matter of waterclosets. If in the course of his inspection duty a factory inspector finds a water-closet in bad condition, he notifies the local board of health, but does not take the initiative in remedying such bad condition.

In an interview with the chief factory inspector that official stated his belief that factories should be compelled to furnish suitable wash rooms, but that he had never advocated a law on the subject because he did not think it of sufficient importance in view of the fact that other more important changes in the law were being sought. As regards dressing rooms and lunch rooms, he did not believe there was any necessity for special legislation; that employers would furnish voluntarily such conveniences when necessary.

CONDITIONS FOUND.

The 2 following tables summarize the conditions found in the 28 establishments visited as regards water-closet accommodations, washing facilities, etc.

1 Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900, Vol. VIII, Manufactures, Pt. II, pp. 336, 337.

2 Pub. Gen. Laws, Code of 1903, art. 27, sec. 234 (22d An. Rept. Com. of Labor, p. 540).

WASH ROOM, DRESSING ROOM, REST ROOM, LUNCH ROOM, ETC., ACCOMMODATIONS—

In 1 of the establishments reported as not having a lunch room, provision was made by which employees could obtain coffee at 2 cents a cup and ham sandwiches at 3 cents apiece.

NORTH CAROLINA.

There was, at the time of this investigation, no State legislation 1 in North Carolina upon any of the subjects considered in this chapter-water-closets, wash rooms, dressing rooms, lunch rooms, rest rooms, seats for female employees, or drinking water. Nor any factory-inspection service.

1 The law here referred to is as in force at the time of the investigation, March, 1909. The text of the laws in force Jan. 1, 1912, is given in the appendixes at the end of this volume.

An act ratified shortly after the field work of this investigation was completed requires seats for females in manufacturing and mercantile establishments. Acts of 1909, ch. 857, secs. 1 and 2 (Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor, No. 85, p. 696).

CONDITIONS FOUND.

The 2 following tables summarize the conditions found in the 28 visited establishments as regards water-closet accommodations, washing facilities, etc. In 2 establishments no females were employed.

In several tobacco factories both colored and white persons were employed, and when this was the case, separate closets were provided for the races. Also, in all the cases of this kind met with, the number of employees per accommodation was more favorable to the colored than to the white. Therefore, in the first of the following tables the information upon the point of closet sufficiency is given in most cases for the white employees only.

WATER-CLOSET ACCOMMODATIONS-NORTH CAROLINA.

1 In 1 establishment separate closets for colored and white and for sexes provided, but closets for colored employees used promiscuously at times by the sexes.

• No females in 2 establishments.

• Excluding 1 establishment in which closets were not separate for sexes, data not reported. WASH ROOM, DRESSING ROOM, REST ROOM, LUNCH ROOM, ETC., ACCOMMODATIONS— NORTH CAROLINA.

As shown by the first table, separate closets were not provided for the sexes in 1 of the 26 establishments employing both sexes. In one, while separate closets were provided for the sexes and for the two races, those for the colored employees were used promiscuously at

times.

GEORGIA.

SUMMARY OF LEGISLATION.1

The law of Georgia requires seats for females in all manufacturing and mercantile establishments. There is no legislation regarding the other subjects covered in this chapter-water-closets, wash rooms, dressing rooms, lunch rooms, rest rooms, or drinking water.

The law regarding seats for females is as follows: "

2

All persons and corporations employing females in manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishments must provide suitable seats, and permit their use by such females when not necessarily engaged in the active duties for which they were employed.

Penalty. Same as for a misdemeanor (i. e., fine not to exceed $1,000, imprisonment not to exceed 6 months, a chain gang not to exceed 12 months, or any two or all three penalties). The enforcement of this requirement is not charged to any specific official or set of officials. There is no factory inspection department or service in Georgia.

CONDITIONS FOUND.

The 2 following tables summarize the conditions found in the 27 visited establishments as regards water-closet accommodations, washing facilities, etc.

WATER-CLOSET ACCOMMODATIONS-GEORGIA.

1 The law here referred to is as in force at the time of investigation, March, 1909. in force Jan. 1, 1912, is given in the appendixes at the end of this volume.

Code, 1895, Vol. III, Pen. Code, sec 127 (22d An. Rept. Com. of Labor, p. 293).

The text of the laws