sixty thousand men. By nightfall, on July 12th, Early's forces were in full retreat.

The greatest tragedy in the city's history occurred on the night of April 14th, 1865, when President Lincoln was assassinated at Ford's Theatre by the actor John Wilkes Booth. (p. 145).

Washington had hardly recuperated from the saddest funeral procession it ever witnessed when, on May 23d and 24th, it was the scene of an impressive spectacle of widely different character, the greatest military display that had ever taken place in America-the review of the Federal veterans by President Johnson. Marching sixty abreast, it took six hours on the first day for Meade's army, and seven hours for Sherman's on the second day, to pass in review.

In 1871, another experiment in city government was tried when, on Feb. 21st, an Act was passed to the effect that on and after June 1st the corporations of Washington and Georgetown should cease to exist, and that the entire District of Columbia should constitute a single municipality. This new régime, known as the Territorial Government, consisted of a Governor, a Secretary, a Board of Public Works, a Board of Health, a Legislative Assembly, and a Delegate in the House of Representatives. Under this form of municipal government began what is known as the "Renaissance of Washington."

The first Governor was Henry D. Cooke, who filled the office from March, 1871, until September 13, 1873, when he was succeeded by Governor Alexander R. Shepherd, who from May, 1871, until he became Governor had been Vice-President and the executive officer of the Board of Public Works. Governor Shepherd was a remarkable man, whose great services to the city of his birth, repaid at the time by base ingratitude, have since been amply recognized. He undertook, and carried out, one of the most comprehensive schemes of municipal improvement ever conceived, completing in a space of three years work which had been delayed for threequarters of a century. Briefly stated, his improvements included: 1. The construction of a sewerage system, which, by the end of 1875, embraced a total length of one hundred and twenty-three miles; 2. A water system, consisting of one hundred and thirty-three miles of mains and pipes; 3. The extension of the gas-mains, and erection of three thousand public lamps; 4. The regrading of a large portion of the city streets, including the paving of one hundred and eighty miles, and more than two hundred miles of sidewalk; 5. The planting

of twenty-five thousand shade trees of many species, to which the city to-day owes a large part of its beauty.

Improvements undertaken on so vast a scale were correspondingly costly, and the territorial debt was increased from $3,000,000 in 1871 to $20,000,000 in 1875. Within less than four years the Territorial Government had become insolvent, and a committee appointed to investigate, reported that it had proved “a failure being too cumbersome and too expensive," adding that there was no remedy short of its abolition." Shepherd was driven from office by the abolition of the office of Governor, and, meeting with financial reverses, removed to Mexico, where he soon acquired another fortune. In later years he returned to receive a royal welcome, and after his death to be honored by a public statue on Pennsylvania Ave. (p. 110).

Next followed the Temporary Commission Government (1874-78), consisting of three members to be appointed by the President, with the consent of the Senate. This in turn gave way to the Permanent Commission Government, which was established by an act passed June 11th, 1878, and currently known as the "Organic Act" of the District. (See section on Municipal Government, p. xxxvi.)

On July 2d, 1881, Washington was shocked by the second assassination of a President of the United States, when James A. Garfield was shot while passing through the former station of the Baltimore and Potomac R. R. (p. 244), by Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker. Garfield died September 19th, and his body lay in state in the Rotunda of the Capitol September 22d and 23d. Guiteau was tried in the old City Hall (p. 137) and subsequently hanged.

On June 2d, 1889, there occurred the most recent, and probably the highest, of the many floods which have inundated the lower part of the city. One of the main channelspans of the Old Long Bridge was carried away, and on Pennsylvania Ave. and adjacent sections the water rose to the level of the horse-car platforms.

In March, 1894, Jacob S. Coxey with his self-styled "Army" of the unemployed, began their widely heralded march upon Washington. On April 29th, Coxey and three hundred of his followers arrived and were permitted to parade; but when they attempted to make speeches from the steps of the Capitol, they were arrested, and the three leaders received jail sentences of twenty days each.

By an Act of Congress, dated February 11th, 1895, Congress decreed that Georgetown "should no longer be known

as the city of Georgetown, but should constitute a part of the city of Washington."

During the Spanish-American war a military rendezvous was maintained at Camp Alger, situated just south of Fort Myer.

On October 3d, 1899, Washington witnessed a military parade in honor of Admiral Dewey, Victor at Manila in the Spanish-American war (the equally impressive funeral procession of Admiral Dewey took place January 20th, 1917).

On September 6th, 1901, the whole country was galvanized by the news of the assassination of President McKinley by Leon F. Czolgosz. McKinley lay in state in the Capitol. But, Owing to a then recent statute forbidding the draping of public buildings in Washington, there was no black on the Capitol or White House.

III. The Public Administration of Washington

The power of determining the manner in which the District of Columbia should be governed was vested in Congress by a clause in the eighth section of the first article of the Constitution of the United States: "To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such districts (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Government of the United States." Under this authority three successive forms of government have been tried. In 1802 Washington was formally chartered with a municipal government on the old English plan, including a Mayor and Common Council. In 1871 this was succeeded by a territorial form of government, with a Governor and delegate in Congress (see History, p. xxxv). This in turn gave place to the present form of government by a Board of Commissioners, established under Act of Congress, approved June II, 1878.

Under the first section of the Act it is provided that all the territory which was ceded by Maryland for the permanent seat of Government, should continue to be known as the District of Columbia, and should continue to be a municipal corporation, the government of which should be vested in three Commissioners, having in general equal powers and duties. Two of these Commissioners are appointed from civil life by the President, and confirmed by the U. S. Senate for a term of three years each, and until their successors are appointed and qualified. To be eligible they must have been actual residents of the District for three years previous to

their appointment, having during that period claimed residence nowhere else. The third Commissioner is detailed from time to time by the President from the Engineer Corps of the U. S. Army, and must be selected from among the Captains or officers of higher grade who have served at least 15 years in the Engineer Corps. While serving as Commissioner such officer shall not be required to perform any other duty.

These three Commissioners are in a general way vested with jurisdiction covering all the ordinary features of municipal government, performing both legislative and executive functions. They are also ex officio the Public Utilities Commission of the District of Columbia. Their duties as defined by the Act are: to apply revenues; to take charge of District records and moneys; to investigate annually and report upon charitable institutions; to make police, building and coal regulations; to abolish and consolidate offices; to prescribe time of payment of taxes, etc.; to perform the duties of the Board of Police, Board of Health and School Trustees; to exact just and reasonable rates for gas; and to report annually an account of their proceedings to Congress.

Residents of the District of Columbia are deprived of the franchise. During the Congressional session of 1916-17 this question of the right of the citizens of the District to vote was brought forward by the Shepard bill, the purpose of which was to establish prohibition throughout the District, the liquor interests and the advocates of District franchise alike seeing in it an opportunity to seek for an amendment granting the District at least the right of referendum. The amendment was defeated.

The expenditures of the District of Columbia are based upon estimates annually prepared by Commissioners and submitted to Congress through the Secretary of the Treasury. In so far as it approves of these estimates, Congress makes a proportionate appropriation out of the U. S. Treasury, the remainder of the amount needed being levied upon taxable property and privileges within the District (exclusive of government property). At present the proportions are 40 per cent out of the Treasury and 60 per cent from taxation.

There are three Municipal Departments: namely, the Fire Department, Health Department and Metropolitan Police, all under control of the Commissioners. Other important functions are delegated to a number of special Boards, reporting directly to the Commissioners, and including among

others the Board of Charities, Board of Education, Board of Medical Examiners, Board of Plumbing, Minimum Wage Board, Trustees of the Public Library, etc.

The District Judiciary, known as "the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia," includes a Chief Justice and five associate Justices, and occupies what was formerly the City Hall. From the decisions of this court appeals are taken to the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, consisting of a Chief Justice and two associate Justices (see p. 138).

IV. Washington Bibliography

In the widest sense, a bibliography of Washington would make a volume in itself. The lives of all the Presidents and leading Statesmen, the intimate diaries and letters of countless sojourners in the Capital City; the casual impressions of scores of foreign-visitors all add their side-lights to the social and political history of Washington. In a narrower sense, however, the standard histories, descriptive volumes and special monographs on Washington are relatively few as compared with most world Capitals; and those likely to interest the average visitor can be summed up in little space.

HISTORY. Two recent authoritative works are: Dr. William Tindall's Standard History of the City of Washington (1914) and W. B. Bryan's History of the National Capital, From its Foundation through the Period of the Adoption of the Organic Act (2 vols. 1914-16). Dr. Tindall, for many years secretary of the District Board, has made his 600-page volume especially valuable as a history of the local municipal government. Mr. Bryan's work is especially valuable for its full treatment accorded the origin and early development of the Capital City, his first volume covering only the period down to the close of the War of 1812. Other works of a popular form are: C. B. Todd's The Story of Washington, the National Capital (1889); R. R. Wilson's Washington, the Capital City (2 vols., 1901); and C. H. Forbes-Lindsay's Washington, the City and the Seat of Government (1908). The student who wishes to go directly to the earlier sources will find a mine of interesting details in the following pioneer works: Observations on the River Potomack, the Country Adjacent and the City of Washington, dated 1793 and written by Tobias Lear, George Washington's private secretary; A Description of the District of Columbia, by David B. Warden (1816), and Jonathan Elliot's invaluable little history of The Ten-Mile-Square (1830). For the middle period much of