statue on brown pedestal (1874), gift of New York; Erastus D. Palmer (1817-1904), sculptor. Cost $13,000; He was one of the committee appointed to draft the Declaration of Independence; First Chancellor of State; later Minister to France. He completed the treaty for the Louisiana Purchase, and is here represented as holding that document in his hand. 39. JAMES HARLAN (1820-99), U. S. Senator and Sec. of Interior under Lincoln: bronze statue (1909), gift of Iowa; Nellie V. Walker (1874- ), sculptor. Cost $5000; 40. SAMUEL JORDAN KIRKWOOD (1813-94), U. S. Senator and Sec. of the Interior under Garfield: bronze statue on pink granite pedestal, gift of Iowa; Vinnie Ream Hoxie (1847-1914), sculptor; 41. FRANCIS P. BLAIR (1812-73), General in the Civil War: marble statue on gray marble pedestal (1899), gift of Missouri; Alexander Doyle (1857-), sculptor. Cost $6000; 42. THOMAS H. BENTON (1782-1858), U. S. Senator and a distinguished Historian: marble statue on gray marble pedestal (1899), gift of Missouri; Alexander Doyle, sculptor. Cost $6000; 43. FRANCES E. WILLARD (1839-98), founder of the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and its President, 1881-98: marble statue on white marble pedestal (1905), gift of Illinois; Helen Farnsworth Mears (1878-1916), sculptor. Cost $9000; 44. JOHN CORRIE, M.D. (1803-55), Inventor of ice machine and mechanical refrigerator: marble statue on lilac marble_pedestal, gift of Florida; C. A. Pillars, sculptor; 45. JOHN HANSON (1715-83), President of the Continental Congress: bronze statue on pink-gray marble pedestal (1902), gift of Maryland; Richard E. Brooks (1865-1920), sculptor. Cost $12,000; 46. Charles CaRROLL, of Carrollton, Md. (17371832), a signer of the Declaration of Independence: bronze statue on pink-gray marble pedestal (1901), gift of Maryland; Richard E. Brooks, sculptor. Cost $12,000; 47. SAMUEL ADAMS (1722-1803): marble statue on white marble pedestal (1873); Anne Whitney (1821-1915), sculptor. Cost $11,712.23; Samuel Adams did more than any other one man to bring about the Revolution. On March 6th, 1770, the day after the Boston massacre, he was spokesman of a committee sent to demand the withdrawal of the British troops. His ultimatum addressed to Gov. Hutchinson is inscribed on the pedestal: "Night is approaching. An immediate answer is expected. Both regiments or none." The troops were withdrawn. 48. STEPHEN F. AUSTIN (1793-1836), founder of Texas. Established first American colony on site of Austin in 1821: marble statue on red-brown marble pedestal (1904), gift of Texas; Elizabet Ney, sculptor. Cost $4500; Replicas of this statue and of Houston by the same sculptor are in the State House at Austin, Texas. 49. DANIEL WEBSTER (1782-1852), Statesman and orator: marble statue on gray granite pedestal (1894), gift of New Hampshire. (Copy from original by Thomas Ball, in Concord, ·N. H.; Carl H. Conrads (1839- ), sculptor. Cost $4482.11; 50. Sequoyah (approximate dates, (1770-1845). Bronze statue (1917), gift of Oklahoma; Vinnie Ream Hoxie, sculptor. Sequoyah, once a leader of the Cherokee Indians of Georgia, owes his fame chiefly to his invention of the Cherokee alphabet, an achievement all the more remarkable in that he had never attended school, and could neither read nor write the English language. In 1823 he moved from Georgia with the other members of the Cherokee tribe, and settled in that part of the Indian Territory which has since become Oklahoma. In 1828 he visited Washington as a representative of the western tribes of Indians, on which occasion his invention was recognized by Congress, and an appropriation of $500 was made for his benefit. The room in which John Quincy Adams died, then occupied by the Speaker of the House, is situated at the N. W. cor. of the old House Wing. It is reached through a small door at the N. W. cor. of Statuary Hall. The visitor passes through a short hallway and ascends four steps to a door marked "Enrolling Room." In L. of entrance is a pedestal bearing a commemorative inscription, and surmounted by a bust of Adams, by J. C. King. Having finished the circuit of the Capitol, the visitor who has entered by the eastern main entrance should by all means return to the Rotunda and leave by W. exit, descending stairs to doorway opening upon the terrace, in order to inspect the imposing stairways and the grounds below. Note especially the broad walks extending directly in line with Pennsylvania and New Jersey Aves. respectively, and overarched from each side by rows of stately Oriental Plane trees. II. Pennsylvania Avenue from the Capitol to the White House **Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington's chief thoroughfare, reaches from Rock Creek on the N. W. to the Anacostia River on the S. E., a distance of nearly five miles, with an extension of more than a mile beyond the bridge through Twining City. There is little, however, to interest the stranger W. of the White House or E. of the Capitol; but between these points the Avenue, connecting as it does the Legislative and executive branches of the Government, is the chief artery of the city's life. Here the first important hotels grew up (several of which still cling to the old sites); and here almost to the close of the 19th century, were located the principal shops and places of amusement. History. Pennsylvania Ave., occupying the place of honor on Major L'Enfant's plan, dates its birthday from April 14th, 1792, when orders were given by the Commissioners to the General Overseer of Labor to have "a breadth of two perches done in the middle of the avenue from the President's Palace to the Capitol." Apparently little was accomplished, for in 1796 the Commissioners wrote to David Burnes (p. xxvii), through whose land the greater part of the avenue ran, warning him that they would not be responsible for damages if he continued to plant seed in Pennsylvania Ave. In 1800 John Cotton Smith, member of Congress from Conn., records that Pennsylvania Ave. was at that time "nearly the whole distance a deep morass covered with alder bushes, which were cut through during the ensuing winter." At this time the avenue was crossed, about on the present line of 2d St., by the Tiber Creek, over which it was found necessary to construct a stone bridge. Jefferson from the first interested himself personally in developing the avenue, and there is little doubt that the plan of dividing its broad surface into three parts by four rows of Lombardy poplars, originated with him. By 1810 nearly $12,000 had been spent on these improvements. Meanwhile, members of Congress were gradually shifting their abode from Capitol Hill along the line of the avenue, centering around 6th St. The poplars did not thrive and gradually were replaced with a variety of other trees until, in 1831, the scheme was abandoned, the middle rows being removed and the avenue macadamized. In 1842 Congress authorized an appropriation to erect lamp-posts along the avenue, and provide lamps and oil; and "the great National Broadway of the metropolis" had for seven years the distinction of being the only street in Washington lighted at night. In 1848, however, the Washington Gaslight Co. was chartered and pipes were laid on the avenue from the Capitol to the White House. Throughout more than a century Pennsylvania Ave. has witnessed a long series of impressive historic events. Down its length, at recurrent intervals, have passed the inaugural processions of the nation's Chief Magistrates; here also have passed the regiments of the U. S. Army on their way to the front in war times, and later in the celebration of peace. Here also have been seen the funeral processions of Zachary Taylor, Abraham Lincoln and Garfield, not to mention many another distinguished statesman, soldier or naval hero to whom the nation has here paid a final tribute. The most recent of these impressive occasions were those of the funeral of Admiral George Dewey, Jan. 20th, 1917; the burial of the Unknown Hero, and the dedication of the Grant Memorial. A walk up the Avenue begins at the northwestern gate of the Capitol grounds. Here where 1st St. N. W. curves across its rounded boundary, is a circle containing the Naval Monument, popularly termed "Peace Monument," facing toward the White House. The sculptures for this memorial to the "Officers, Seamen and Marines of the U. S. Navy who fell in defense of the Union and Liberty of their country, 186165," were modeled by Franklin Simmons in Rome, from a sketch by Admiral_David D. Porter; the architectural portion, designed by Edward Clark, was executed by Bonanni Bros. of Carrara, Italy, brought to America by a ship of war and erected 1877. Surmounting the pedestal are two bronze figures: America sadly enumerating her losses, while History records, "They died that their country might live." Below, on the front or western plinth, stands Victory flanked by an infant Neptune and Mars; on the opposite, or rear side, Peace extends an olive branch. The reason why critics find this monument inadequate and disappointing is explained by its history. Admiral Porter was entrusted with $16,000 to have made an ideal group representing Grief and History, to be erected on a simple pedestal at Annapolis. Afterwards it was decided to place the group in Washington upon the promise of Congress to increase the subscription. The sculptures, however, were already finished, and the extra $25,000 were expended upon a disproportionately large pedestal which dwarfs the figures. to West First St. was for many years disfigured by railway tracks, laid and used as a military necessity during the Civil War, although without legal warrant. They ran from Long Bridge up Maryland Ave. to Ist St., and thence the yards of the old Baltimore and Ohio station at New Jersey Ave. and C St. Governor Shepherd (p. xxxiv), finding that they interfered with his plans for the city's improvement, arbitrarily removed them—one of the many acts which hastened his downfall. "When it is considered that Mr. John W. Garrett, the President of the Road, was as influential in the political and financial world at that time as J. Pierpont Morgan at the height of his power, the audacity of the act, although in the discharge of a public duty, has a phase of moral grandeur."-Tindall's History of Washington. Proceeding westward from the Peace Monument, we pass on L. the Botanical Gardens (p. 241), extending from Ist to 3d St. Opposite, on N. side, are two blocks of small, time-worn dwellings, many of them now cheap rooming houses. At the N. W. cor. of 2d St. is the site of the first Railway passenger station (Baltimore and Ohio) in Washington. No. 237 Pennsylvania Ave. was formerly a boarding-house where Walt Whitman at one time stayed. Adjoining on the W., at N. E. cor. of 3d St. is a century-old hostelry, originally known as the St. Charles Hotel, but, after many changes of name, is now the New Capitol Hotel, a favorite stopping place for Indian Chiefs. This quaint old building was erected 1813-19, the years in which the Capitol was restored. The gray marble columns of the main entrance on 3d St., formed part of the debris from the burnt Capitol; as was also the cornice over the doorway. Beneath the pavement on the W. front and extending around the corner on B St., may still be scen a series of eleven pens where slaves were kept until sold at the block not far away. Among the guests of this hotel are included Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, Martin Van Buren, John C. Calhoun and Andrew Jackson. The latter is said to have made two of his famous speeches from the hotel balcony. At the S. W. cor. of 3d St., facing the Gardens, is Made's Hotel, an ancient wooden hostelry, founded in 1848 by a Swiss inn-keeper, whose descendants still conduct it. Here, in 1880, died Gen. John A. Sutter, on whose property gold was first discovered in California. Opposite, on the N. W. cor. of 3d St., stands another hotel with an interesting past. It was originally known as Gadsby's Hotel, and was the third tavern of that name in Washington (see pp. 217 and 516), and here resided, among others, Reverdy Johnson of Maryland, W. P. Thompson of Kentucky, VicePresident. Hannibal Hamlin and Vice-President Henry Wilson. It is now known as the Vendome Hotel. At the N. W. cor. of John Marshall Place (formerly) 41⁄2 St.) stands conspicuously the six-story white structure of the Ford Automobile Warehouse. To the traveller approaching the city from the south, its massive central tower is the one landmark which obtrudes itself, between the Capitol and the Washington Monument. The one interesting fact about it is that, although under no obligation to do so, Mr. Ford submitted the plans of this building to the City Art Commission and accepted their advice, in order to conform with the general scheme of municipal improvement. The site of this building was for several years occupied prior to 1855, by a select boarding-house, conducted by Mrs. Elizabeth Peyton. Among her guests were Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Henry A. Wise and R. Y. Hayne of South Carolina. It was here that Harriet Martineau stayed during her visit to the Capital, and she has recorded that her pleasantest evenings were those when Clay, Calhoun, Daniel Webster, Justice Story and the aged Chief Justice John Marshall would "repose themselves by our fireside." Mrs. Peyton was the widow of Corson Thompson Peyton, U. S. Consul to Matanzas, Cuba, who died there in 1821. From 1855 to her death in 1888 she kept a boardinghouse at 334 Indiana Ave. Across the Avenue, on the S. W. cor. of 41⁄2 St., stands the six-story Colonization Building, which formed the original home of the Georgetown University Law School (1870-73). Northward on John Marshall Place the vista is closed by the Roman portico of the venerable City Hail (p. 137). The Avenue from this point westward to Market Space was the first section to be thickly built up. By 1825 these two blocks were lined on both sides with shops and boardinghouses, in the latter of which a large proportion of the Sena |