The open VESTIBULE in front of the vault, where rest the MARBLE SARCOPHAGI Containing the remains of George and Martha Washington, was a later addition to the tomb, and not completed until 1837. Its erection incidentally grew out of a revival of the often agitated proposal to remove the bodies of Washington and his wife to the crypt of the Capitol. At this time John Struthers, of Philadelphia, received permission from the Government to present sarcophagi for their bodies, which he chiseled from solid blocks of marble. When the plan to remove the bodies was abandoned Mr. Struthers presented the sarcophagi to the Washington family. Since it was feared that the marble might disintegrate from the dampness of the vault, it was decided to add the vestibule in order that the caskets might have light and air.

The marble sarcophagi are severely plain. That of Washington bears a high-relief sculpture of an eagle surmounting the American shield against a drapery of the American flag. Beneath is the single word "Washington." The other casket bears the words "Martha, Consort of Washington," on upper surface, and at end of casket, "Died May 21, 1802, aged 71 years." By a curious error, left uncorrected until 1916, the inscription gave the year of her death as "1801."

In the grounds surrounding the tomb of Washington are interred: Eleanor Parke Lewis (Nellie Custis), "d. July 15, 1852, in the 74th year of her age" (spot marked by marble shaft); Mrs. M. E. A. Conrad, daughter of Lawrence and Eleanor Lewis (d. 1839, and buried here with her child); John Augustine Washington (nephew of Bushrod Washington, and last private owner of Mount Vernon). Here also stands a monument to Judge Bushrod Washington and his wife. Memorial Trees. Near the tomb are a number of trees planted as tributes to Washington and interesting because of their source, or the circumstance of their planting. They include:

1. Elm planted by Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil (1876); 2. Maple planted by Temperence Ladies of America_ (1881); 3. British Oak planted by request of the Prince of Wales (Edward VII) to replace the one planted by him in 1860; 4. Tree planted by Sigma Chi Fraternity (1890); 5. Concord Elm planted by Children of the American Revolution (1897); 6. White Oak planted by American Society of Civil Engineers (1899); 7. German Linden planted by Prince Henry of Prussia (1902); 8. Elm planted by Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity (1902).

One of the most recent memorial trees was that planted by the Daughters of the American Revolution during their 29th Continental Congress. It was a mulberry tree brought from Yorktown, and planted in historic soil contributed from every state in the Union. For example, that from Connecticut came from the homestead of Oliver Ellsworth at Windsor; that from Massachusetts came from under the Washington

Elm, at Cambridge; New York: from the battle ground_at Saratoga; Virginia: from the graves of Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson and George Wythe.

Many trees planted by Washington himself at Mt. Vernon are still standing. According to a painstaking research recently made by Charles Sprague Sargent, at request of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, fifty-seven of these trees survive. They include:

Fragrant blossoming Honey Locusts, near the kitchen gardens, planted by Washington in his boyhood when visiting at the home of his step-brother Lawrence. Several Coffee Bean trees, and near them three huge Pecan trees, the latter planted by Washington March 25, 1775, from Pecans given him by Thomas Jefferson. Buck-Eye trees, planted in April, 1785, from seeds gathered on a hunting expedition to Cheet River, W. Va. Also a towering Hemlock, 81 ft. tall, with a trunk measuring 2 ft. 6 in. in diameter, planted by Washington March 11, 1785. It stands on the flower side of the Bowling Green.

II. Arlington Cemetery

*Arlington National Cemetery (Pl. III-F-1), the most important of the many last resting-places set aside for the Nation's military and naval heroes, is situated on Arlington Heights, on the Virginia side of the Potomac River, about two miles due S. of Georgetown. It may be reached by trolley, either by the Washington-Virginia Ry., from its terminal station at Pennsylvania Ave. and 12th St. (transferring at Hadfield Junction), or by the Fairfax Co. Branch of Washington and Old Dominion Ry., from terminal at 36th and M Sts., Georgetown. Cars leave 12th St. station at half-hour intervals, 12 min. before and 20 min. after each hour. Round-trip ticket, available on either line, 30c.

The Cemetery is open daily, Sundays included, from sunrise to sunset.

History. The lands comprising the Arlington House Estate form part of an original grant of 6000 acres from William Berkeley, Governor of Virginia, to one Robert Howson, October, 1669, for the consideration of Howson's having transported a number of settlers into the colony. That same year Howson conveyed the lands to John Alexander, in exchange for six hogsheads of tobacco. The title later descended to one Gerald Alexander who, in 1778, conveyed the Arlington tract of approximately 1100 acres, for £1100 Virginia currency, to John Parke Custis, son of Martha Washington by her first marriage.

Upon the death of John Parke Custis in 1781, his two youngest children, George Washington Parke Custis and Eleanor Parke Custis were adopted by Washington. The former, who inherited the Arlington estate from his father, was a member of Washington's family until the latter's death

in 1799. Soon afterwards he removed to Arlington, where he resided until his own death in 1857. He bequeathed a life interest in the estate to his only child, Mary Ann Randolph, wife of Lieut.-Col. Robert E. Lee, with remainder in fee to nis eldest grandson, George Washington Custis Lee.

By an executive order of President Lincoln, dated Jan. 6th, 1864, the eastern tract of about 1100 acres "was selected for Government use, for war, military, charitable and educational purposes," and by the same order it was directed that the property should be sold to meet the payment of overdue taxes amounting to $92.07. At the sale it was bought in by the Government for about $26,000. After the death of Mrs. Lee in 1873, her son, George Washington Custis Lee, as heir under his grandfather's will, brought suit to contest the legality of the tax sales, and in 1882 a verdict in his favor was confirmed by the U. S. Supreme Court. Thereupon Congress appropriated $150,000 for the purchase of the property, part of which had then been in use for 19 years as a National cemetery. Mr. Lee finally conveyed his title to the Government, March 3d, 1883.

The cemetery had its inception in an order issued by. the Secretary of War, June 15th, 1864, directing that Arlington Mansion and surrounding grounds, not exceeding 200 acres should be appropriated for the burial of all soldiers dying in the hospitals of Washington, Alexandria and vicinity. The boundaries were subsequently extended to the southern line of the estate, and the present area is 408 1-3 acres.

The interments are mainly of those who died in hospitals, but include also the remains gathered from Bull Run, Manassas, Chantilly and other adjacent battlefields, as well as from abandoned cemeteries in the District of Columbia. The number of interments is now about 18,000 known and 4,700 unknown dead.

Sight-seeing wagonettes will be found waiting at the trolley station, Fort Myer Gate, and make the circuit of the principal monuments, with stop-over privilege at chief points of interest; fare 35 cts. Sight-seeing automobiles from Washington also make the circuit of the cemetery (p. 21). But if the visitor is a good pedestrian, the satisfactory way to see the many interesting inscriptions and sculptures is to go on foot; distance about three miles.

The general outline of the cemetery may be best described as a high plateau forming an irregular crescent, at the N. E. horn of which stands the Arlington Mansion, while along the southern horn are the Confederate Monument, the Spanish

War Monument and the Miles Mausoleum. In the centre the grounds slope downward in a broad hollow towards the Potomac, and midway in the descent is located the NEW MEMORIAL AMPHITHEATRE (see p. 510). A large tombstone on L., marks the grave of Lieut. Rand, the first man to answer Lincoln's call for volunteers in 1861.

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There are four principal entrances to the Cemetery, the three on the E. side being Memorials. The N. gate has two stone columns on which are inscribed respectively the names "Ord" and "Weitzel." The next or Sheridan Gateway consists of a stone tablet bearing the name "Sheridan," mounting two pairs of columns inscribed respectively with the names, "Lincoln," "Grant," "Stanton" and "Scott." The six columns of these two northern gateways were part of the north portico of the old War Department Building, demolished in 1879. The S. or McClellan Gateway consists of a massive arch of Seneca sandstone composed of a capstone inscribed "McClellan" resting upon two columns bearing the names "Hooker" and "Burnsides."

Practically all tourists, however, now approach the Cemetery by the W. or Ft. Myer gate. The entrance avenue divides almost immediately, the right branch leading S. to the new portion of the Cemetery; while the left runs almost due E. to the Arlington Mansion and old Amphitheatre. Following the latter branch we pass, on N. or L. side, a number of fine monuments, every one bearing an historic name. Near the entrance is the monument, erected in 1896, to the Second Connecticut Heavy Artillery, “Defences of Washington, 1862-65."

In the third line of graves N. of entrance avenue are two monuments conspicuous by their contrast. The one is a stately sarcophagus of dressed marble, erected to the memory of Gen. M. C. Meigs, Soldier and Engineer and Quartermaster General of the Army during the entire Civil War; the other, marking the grave of his young son, Lieut. John Rogers Meigs, a Civil Engineer on Sheridan's Staff, killed in 1854, consists of a flat bronze tablet in relief, showing the dead soldier on the battle-field, surrounded by the foot-prints of the horses which have trampled upon him. Near by are memorials to two generations of Caprons, Captain Erastus A. Capron, a victim of the Mexican War, and Captain Allyn Capron, who died from the effects of the Cuban Campaign. Still further N.E. is a monument to Maj.-General Green ClaySmith, 1832-95 (bronze portrait medallion by Gorham Mfg. Co.). Adjacent, flat on the turf, are a number of ancient

tombstones, among them one inscribed "James McCubbin Lingan, 1751-1812. Captive on prison-ship Jersey. Original member of Society of Cincinnati, Officer of Maryland Line."

Other monuments in this section are to Royal Emerson Whitman, 1833-1913 (a bowlder with copper bronze medallion by Gutzon Borglum); Lieut.-Col. Garrick Mallory, 1831-94, "Scholar, Soldier, Scientist" (bronze medallion by William Ordway Partridge); Captain John G. Burke, 1846-96, "Aidede-camp of Maj.-General Crooke through all his Indian campaign"; Maj.-Gen. Abner Doubleday, 1819-93 (Historian of Gettysburg); Maj.-Gen. William V. Belknap, 1829-90, Secretary of War, 1869-76 (medallion portrait by Carl Rohl-Smith; Maj.-Gen. Benjamin F. Kelley (bronze high-relief medallion by W. S. Davis); Read Admiral Robley D. Evans, 1846-1913 (bronze portrait bust signed "Charles J. Pike, Brooklyn Navy Yard, July 1906"); John Wesley Powell, 1834-1902, "Soldier, Explorer, Scientist" (portrait medallion by Leila Usher); Senator Cushman Kellogg Davis, 1838-1900 (bronze portrait bust by G. Trentanove.)

The Arlington House (Pl. III—F-1—No. 2), situated on the brow of the N. W. bluff, is about one-third of a mile due E. of the Ft. Myer gate. It was begun by George Washington Parke Custis in 1804, but was not completed until after the close of the War of 1812. Its most notable feature is its stately eastern facade, consisting of a colonnade of six Doric

columns surmounted by a pediment, and said to have been modeled after the Temple of Paestum, near Naples, Italy. The view of Washington and the Potomac from this main entrance is almost unrivaled.

The Mansion itself and the principal outlying buildings have been preserved in their original appearance, and are in excellent condition. Visitors are free to roam through the principal rooms on the main floor of the Mansion. On the N. and S. sides of the spacious entrance hall are a pair of large bronze tablets inscribed respectively with an abridged history of: 1. The Arlington House Estate; 2. The Arlington National Cemetery, prepared "for the information of visitors, by the Quartermaster's Department, under the direction of Daniel Lamont, Secretary of War." (1896).

The Arlington House was the principal residence of Robert E. Lee, down to 1861, when he resigned his Commission in the U. S. Army to join the Rebellion.

The eastern slope, immediately in front of the Mansion, contains the monuments to some of the most illustrious among the Nation's heroes. Directly in front of the main doorway