The S. E. cor. of 13th and K Sts. is occupied by the Franklin School.

No. 1321, a large gray limestone house with elaborately carved Façade, was built by Secretary of State John Sherman, who lived and died here. No. 1323, once the residence of Edward M. Stanton, Secretary of War, who died here. No. 1403, one of the former homes of Senator Arthur P. Gorman. No. 1426, former residence of John G. Carlyle (Ky.), Speaker of the House, U. S. Senator and Secretary of the Treasury. No. 1428, former home of Admiral Worden, Commander of the Monitor during her fight with the Merrimac. No. 1432, former home of Supreme Court Justice Samuel Blatchford (1820-93).

No. 1537 K St., a granite and yellow brick structure, was the home of Philander C. Knox while successively Attorney-General and Secretary of State. (For Anderson and Everts houses, at intersection with 16th St. see p. 199.) No. 1601 K St. was the last home of Admiral George Dewey, who died here. No. 1603 K St. was the home of William H. Taft while Secretary of War, and here he received the news of his nomination for the Presidency. No. 1609 was the former home of Senator Wetmore of Rhode Island; also of one-time Postmaster General Wilson S. Bissell. No. 1612 was the residence of Robert Bacon while Assistant Secretary of State. No. 1623, formerly the home of Secretary of the Interior Hoke Smith, and later occupied by the Rev. Randolph Harrison McKim, when Rector of Epiphany Church. No. 1626, former home of Senator Stephen B. Elkins of Virginia.

No. 1627 K St. is the residence of Col. Jerome Bonaparte, great-grandnephew of Napoleon. It is a conspicuous edifice in French 16th century Gothic (Gray and Pope, architects). No. 1632, on S. E. cor. of 17th St., was the home of the late Vinnie Ream Hoxie, wife of Lieut. R. L. Hoxie, U.S.A.

Mrs. Hoxie (1847-1914) was one of the best known women sculptors in America. She studied under Bonnat in Paris, and under Majoli_in Rome. While abroad she modeled Cardinal Antonelli and Liszt. Examples of her work in Washington include the Lincoln statue in the Rotunda of the Capitol, Governor Kirkwood and Sequoyah, a Cherokee Chief (p. 96), both in Statuary Hall; Farragut, in Farragut Square (p. 222) and her own monument in Arlington Cemetery (p. 511).

K St. now passes the northern end of Farragut Square (p. 222). Facing the Square, at the N. W. cor. of 17th St., is the house occupied by Charles W. Fairbanks when VicePresident. No. 1703, once the Chilean Legation, is now the

home of Charles Carroll Glover, a distinguished Washington financier, and President of the Riggs National Bank. No. 1705, site of former home of Don Cameron (about 1879); then successively Chinese and Russian Legations. It was erected and occupied by Alexander R. Shepherd after he was Governor.

No. 1730 K St. was the earlier Washington home of Dr. Swan M. and Mrs. Frances Hodgson Burnett. "Little Lord Fauntleroy" was written here.

Five squares W., at 2203 K St., is the home of Dr. Charles Greeley Abbot, Director, since 1907, of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.

One square further W., at Washington Circle, K St. and Pennsylvania intersect. Beyond, at Nos. 2506 and 2508, and still further W. at No. 2618-20 there still stand some ancient looking brick dwellings in fair preservation, although dating from 1798. They were built by Robert Peter, one of the Original Proprietors of Washington City, who married Martha Washington's granddaughter, Martha Parke Custis. When built they stood upon what was then the highway from Georgetown to the Capital City. George Washington was a frequent visitor at No. 2618-20 when it was occupied by the Peters; and a bronze tablet beside the entrance records that he passed the night there on the occasion of his last visit to the Capital.

WASHINGTON SOUTHWEST AND
THE MALL

I. The Mall from the Botanic Gardens to
Fourteenth Street

*The Mall (Pl. III-E4), one of the main arteries of the city's park system, extends westward from the Capitol Grounds 11⁄2 miles, connecting with the Executive Grounds on the N. and with Potomac Park on the W. It comprises (from E. to W.): 1. The Botanical Gardens; 2. the Public Gardens; 3. Armory Square; 4. the Smithsonian Grounds; 5. the Agricultural Grounds; 6. the Monument Grounds. The first two of these divisions are triangular in shape; but W. of 6th St. the Mall has a uniform width of approximately a quarter-mile, extending from B St, North to B St. South.

The E. end of the Mall abuts on First St., directly opposite the western stairway and portico of the Capitol, and extends from the circle at the foot of Pennsylvania Ave., containing the Peace Monument (p. 97), to that at foot of Maryland Ave., occupied by the James A. Garfield Memorial. This_monument, the gift of the Society of the Army of the Potomac, was designed by J. Q. A. Ward, and consists of a standing portrait statue in bronze, heroic size, surmounting a lofty triangular pedestal, at the three corners of which are three seated male figures, symbolizing The Student, The Warrior and The Statesman,-the three successive phases of Garfield's career. Erected in 1887 at a cost of $65,000, one-half of which was contributed by Congress to pay for the pedestal and symbolic figures.

Radical changes in the Mall are among the chief factors in the elaborate plans for beautifying Washington, as formulated by the Art Commission, and submitted to Congress in 1901. The leading features of these changes, which involved a protracted battle with one Congressional committee after another were: first, the complete removal of the Botanic Gardens, and restoration of the wide, open square contemplated in L'Enfant's original plan; secondly, the substitution of a new main axis for the Mall, in place of the present axis, for the purpose of rectifying the mistake or oversight of the builders of the Washington Monument in placing that Memorial more than 100 ft. southeast of the true line. This latter change was accomplished by drawing a new line from the Dome of the Capitol through the Washington Monument, and prolonging it to the Potomac, to serve also as the axis for the Lincoln Memorial that was part of the Art Commission's plan. It was proposed also that all the central trees and shrubbery

should be cleared away, leaving a smooth carpet of greensward 300 ft. wide, with two lines of stately elms planted in columns of four, one column on each side, thus bringing the Monument into the vista of the Capitol, a mile and a half away. The new axis is now an accomplished fact, and the three great Memorials to Washington, Lincoln and Grant conform to it. The Botanic Gardens, however, stubbornly hold their ground, and bid fair to delay for some time to come the full realization of the Art Commission's plans.

a. The Botanic Gardens

The Botanic Gardens (Pl. I-D3). These Gardens, occupying the truncated triangle lying between Pennsylvania and New Jersey Aves., 1st and 3rd Sts., contain the Grant Memorial Monument, the Bartholdi Fountain, a number of fine old Historic Trees, and a system of Conservatories housing rare plants from all parts of the world. The gardens are open to the public daily from sunrise to sunset; conservatories open from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.; on Sunday only the main conservatory is open.

History. The Botanic Gardens were established by the Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences, incorporated by Act of Congress April 20th, 1818. The present site was granted by Congress in 1820 and there is a tradition that George Washington contemplated the establishment of gardens in this locality. Up to 1836 no improvements had been made. The tract was a stagnant and malarial swamp, and Congress was prevailed upon to make an appropriation of $5000 for improvements, including pipes to convey the surplus water from the Capitol, and the purchase of a fountain to be designed by Hiram Powers.

The real beginning, however, of the Botanic Gardens dates from the Wilkes Exploring Expedition of 1838-42. In the Naval Appropriation Act of May 14th, 1836, the President was authorized to send out a surveying and exploring expedition to the Pacific and South Seas. This expedition consisted of six Government ships, under Lieut. Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. They sailed August 18th, 1838. The staff included a botanist, W. D. Breckenridge, who brought back a large collection of specimens, including seeds and cuttings. This formed the nucleus of the Botanical collection. The present site, however, was not occupied until 1850, and the main conservatory building, a structure 30 ft. long, with a central dome 60 ft. high, was not erected until 1867.

The Gardens in their present location are a serious obstacle to the comprehensive scheme for beautifying Washington (p. 354), and the present available space is wholly inadequate for the development of a National Botanic Garden on the

same liberal lines as the Rock Creek Zoological Park. Yet, although their removal to some suburban tract has been steadily urged for more than 20 years, public indifference and active opposition have united to keep them where they are. As recently as Feb., 1922, a plan was announced for incorporating them as a part of the comprehensive scheme for beautifying Washington, through the acquisition of a broad strip of land south of the present gardens, all the way to the river.

"Among scientists the Botanic Garden has no particular standing for it has long been regarded as a joke, and quite unworthy of the Government of the United States. Being under control of the Congressional Joint Committee on the Library, it is practically an indeor responsibility."pendent institution wihout guidance, direction Charles Moore. "Daniel H. Burnham."'

b. The Grant Memorial Monument

The Grant Memorial Monument (Pl. I-D4), unveiled April 27, 1922, the centenary of Grant's birth, is situated at the end of the Botanical Gardens, with its center on the line of the newly established axis of the Mall, and a few feet S. of the old axis. This monument was authorized in February, 1901, when Congress appropriated $250,000. In August, 1902, the contract was awarded for $240,000 to Edward Pearce Casey, architect, and Henry Merwin Shrady, sculptor, and constituted the largest Government contract thus far awarded for any single piece of monumental sculpture. There followed a protracted discussion regarding choice of location, the White House grounds and the Union Station Plaza being both strongly urged. Finally the present site, representing the choice of the Art Commission, and individually indorsed by Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Charles F. McKim, Daniel Chester French and other prominent artists, was decided upon. Work upon the foundation was begun October 7, 1907, but was stopped two days later by an injunction intended to prevent the necessary removal of three historic trees, including the Crittenden Peace Oak. There followed protracted hearings before the Joint Library Committee, which had the matter in charge. The opposition was headed by the venerable Dr. William R. Smith, for 55 years Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens. No decision was reached until Secretary Taft appeared before the Committee and emphatically stated that this site had been selected for the Grant Memorial, because it was an essential part of the Park Commission's comprehensive plans for improvement. The outcome was that the Crittenden and Beck trees were moved, and the work on the Memorial went forward.