commonly known by the name of New Jersey tea; the leaves having been formerly dried for the same purpose as those of the Chinese tea plant; and for which, according to Pursh, it formed a general substitute during the war of independence. In Canada, it is used for dyeing wool of a nankin, or cinnamon, colour. This shrub will grow in any soil that is tolerably dry, and is not uncommon in British gardens. Plants, in the London nurseries, are 1s. 6d. each, and seeds ls. per ounce. At Bollwyller, plants are 1 franc each. At New York, plants are 15 cents each, and seeds 1 dollar a quart.

3. C. (A.) TARDIFLO`RUS Horn. The late-flowering Ceanothus, or Red Root. Identification. Horn. Hort. Hafn., 230.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 31.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 37. Spec. Char., &c. Leaves cordate-ovate, serrated, downy beneath. Thyrse elongated, axillary. (Don's Mill, ii. p. 37.) A native of North America, introduced in 1820, and, in all probability, only a variety of the foregoing species.

4. C. OVA TUs Desf. The ovate-leaved Ceanothus, or Red Root. Identification. Desf. Arb., 2. p. 381.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 31.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 57.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate or oval, serrated, smooth on both surfaces, as well as the peduncles. Thyrse short, axillary? (Don's Mill., ii. p. 37.) A native of North America, where it grows from the height of from 2 ft. to 4 ft. It is generally confounded in gardens with C. americanus, from which, however, it appears quite distinct. A plant of this species was in Knight's Exotic Nursery, King's Road, in 1830.

5. C. INTERMEDIUS Pursh. The intermediate Ceanothus, or Red Root. Identification. Pursh Fl. Sept. Amer., 1. p. 167.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 124.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 32.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 37.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves oval-oblong, acute, mucronately serrulated, triple-nerved, pubescent beneath. Panicles axillary, on long peduncles, with loose corymbose pedicels. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 37.) A deciduous shrub; a native of North America, in the woods of Tennessee: introduced in 1812, and producing its white flowers in June and July. Height from 2 ft. to 4 ft. This species is readily distinguished from C. americànus by its very small leaves, which are not one fourth the size of those of that species.

6. C. SANGUINEUS Pursh. The bloody-branched Ceanothus, or Red Root. Identification. Pursh Fl. Sept. Amer., 1. p. 167.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 125.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 32.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 37.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves oblong-ovate, serrated, pubescent beneath. Panicles axillary, thyrsose, on very short peduncles. Pedicels aggregate. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 37.) A shrub, from 2 ft. to 3 ft. in height, found near the Rocky Mountains, on the banks of the Missouri. It is readily distinguished by its branches, which, as the specific name implies, are of a blood-red or purplish colour. The flowers, which appear in May and June, are white, and are produced on panicles not longer than the leaves.

7. C. MICROPHY'LLUS Michx. The small-leaved Ceanothus, or Red Root. Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 154.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 32.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 57. Synonyme. C. hypericoides L'Herit. MSS.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, minute, sub-fascicled, smooth. Branches straight, somewhat decumbent. Corymbs stalked, loose, terminal. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 37.) A shrub growing to the height of 2 ft., found in sandy woods from Carolina to Florida, and introduced in 1806. The leaves are very small, not being more than 3 or 4 lines in length; and the whole plant is of a delicate habit; but it has large red roots, as in all the other species. The flowers are white, and produced in May and June; and they are succeeded by almost globular fruit.

App. i. Other Species of Ceanothus.

C. velutinus Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer., i. p. 125. t. 45., (fig. 215.) is a very beautiful species, discovered by Douglas, and described by Pro- 215 fessor Hooker from dried specimens in the possession of the London Horticultural Society. The plant grows from 3 ft. to 8 ft. high. The leaves are broad, sometimes subcordate, obtuse, from 3 in. to 4 in. long, and from 3 in. to 33 in. broad; and the flowers are white, in terminal panicles. The plant is found on subalpine hills, near the sources of the Columbia, and at the Kettle Falls. This seems a very desirable species, and, when introduced, will probably be found the next in beauty to C. azùreus, which it appears to surpass in robustness of growth.

C. lavigatus Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer., i. p. 125., also discovered by Douglas, and described from dried specimens, is probably only a variety of C. velutinus. It is found on mountains near the coast of the northwest of America, and at Nootka Sound.

C. thyrsiflorus Esch. Mém. Acad. Scienc. Peters., x. p. 221., Hook. Bor. Amer., i. p. 125., was discovered on the north-west coast of America by Mr. Menzies. The flowers are surrounded by densely im. bricated, ovate, and acute bracteas, which drop before the blossoms are expanded. The calyx is blue, and the petals white. The whole plant turns black in drying.

CHAP. XXXV.

RHAMNA CEE.

We have little doubt that all the above species would cross-fecundate, and, consequently, that the beautiful ultramarine blue of the flowers of C. azùreus, or some portion of it, might be given to C. americanus, which would be a very desirable acquisition. Indeed, there is such a close general resemblance between all the sorts described, that we cannot help suspecting that they are only races or varieties of one or two original forms. C. azùreus, C. americanus, and C. velutinus when it can be got, ought to be in every collection. Where there is a conservative wall, and the choice is limited to half a dozen or a dozen plants, C. azureus, which continues in flower during the greater part of summer, ought undoubtedly to be one of them.

App. I. Half-hardy Genera and Species of the order Rhamnacea.

Sphærocarya (from sphaira, a sphere, and caryon, a nut) edulis Wall. Fl. Ind., ii. p. 371., Don's Mill, ii. p. 27., is a native of Nepal, in forests, producing a fruit of a pale brown colour, the flesh of which is eaten by the inhabitants. It grows to a tree of 40 ft. in height, with ovate, alternate, smooth leaves, and racemes of greenish inodorous flowers. When introduced, it will probably be found not more tender than other Nipal trees.

Condàlia (in honour of Anthony Condal, M.D., the companion of Loefling in his voyages) microphylla Cav. Icon., 6. p. 16. t. 525., Don's Mill., 2. p. 27., (fig. 216.) is a spiny shrub, a native of Chili, a good deal resembling a Zizyphus.

Sagerètia (named in honour of M. Sageret, member of the Royal Agricultural Society of Paris, a vegetable physiologist) Theèzans Brongn. Mém. Rham., p.52., Don's Mill., ii. p. 28.; the Rhamnus Theèzans of Lin. Mant., 207., and the R. Thea of Osb. Itin., 232., is a shrub growing to the height of 4 ft., a native of China, where it is said the poor make use of the leaves instead of those of the true tea. The branches are divaricate, spiny at the apex. Leaves ovate, smooth, serrulated. Flowers somewhat panicled, glomerated, in terminal spikes, greenish. This species has not yet been introduced; though there are plants bearing the name of Rhám. nus Theèzans in the garden of the London Horticultural Society, growing with great luxuriance, which appear to be only a variety of Rhamnus Alatérnus.

S. oppositifolia Brongn, the Zizyphus oppositifolia of Wall., and S. hamosa Brongn., the Zizyphus hamòsa of Wall., are Nepal climbing shrubs, which have not yet been introduced; and which, though marked as requiring the green-house, would doubtless stand against a conservative wall.

Retanilla (retanilla is the aboriginal name in Peru) obcordata Brongn. Mém. Rham., p. 57., Don's Mill., ii. p. 34., the Rhamnus Retanilla of Domb., and the Collètia Retanilla of Vent. Hort. Cels., t. 92., is a twiggy shrub, with white flowers, a native of Peru, where it grows to the height of 3 ft. R.Ephedra Brongn., the Rhamnus Ephedra of Domb., and the Collètia E'phedra of Vent. Choix., t. 16., is also a native of Peru. Both these shrubs are in the country, and are kept in green-houses; but we have little doubt of their being as hardy as the plants of the genus Collètia. Collètia (named by Commerson in honour of his friend and countryman Collet, who wrote upon the plants of Brest) spinosa Kunth Nov. Gen. Amer., 7. p. 58., Hook. Bot. Miscel., 1. p. 153. t. 44 A, (fig. 217.) the Collètia polyacántha of Willd., is a native of Chili, Peru, and also of Brazil. It is a shrub with few and small leaves, but with numerous, very strong, awl-shaped spines. The flowers are of a reddish yellow, and whitish in the centre. This shrub has been tried in the open air, both against a wall and in the open border, in the Horticultural Society's Garden; and, in 1835, it had stood three years, without any protection, flowering freely in the summer season, from May to August. It has stood out for three winters in the open border in Buchanan's Nursery, Camberwell, without any protection, and against a wall in the Fulham Nursery. We think we can safely recommend it as a shrub for the open border, at least in dry sheltered situations.

C. serratifolia Vent. Choix., t. 15.; the Rhamnus Spártium of
Domb., also from Peru; C. cruciata Gill. et Hook. Bot. Misc., 1.

p. 152. t. 43., from sandy hills in La Plata; C. fèrox Gill. et Hook., from Chili; C. ulicina Gill, et
Hook., the ulex, or furze-like Collètia, also from Chili; C. Chacaye G. Don, the Rhamnus
Chacaye of Domb., from Peru; and C. tetragona Brongn., also from Peru; are probably as hardy as C.
spinosa. They will grow in any common garden soil, and are propagated by cuttings or seeds.

Trevòa (from Trevo, the name of some Spanish botanist) quinquenérvis Meyers in Hook. Bot. Misc., 1. p. 158. t. 45. B, and Don's Mill., 2. p. 35., and T. trinervis, are spiny shrubs, growing to the height of 4 ft. or 6 ft.; natives of Chili, on the Andes, and probably as hardy as Collètia. The last species was introduced in 1828.

Discària (from discus, a disk; the disk of the flower being very broad) americàna Hook. Bot. Misc., 1. t. 44. D., is a spiny shrub, a native of Buenos Ayres; and D. austràlis Hook. is a native of New Holland; neither of which has yet been introduced.

Hovènia (in honour of D. Hoven, a senator of Amsterdam, who contributed to the success of the travels of Thunberg by his good offices) dulcis Thunb. is a fruit tree of Japan, where it is called ken, and kenpokonas. It has large, cordate, acuminated leaves, and small white flowers. The fruit is said to contain a sweet red pulp, which has a taste somewhat like that of a pear. It was introduced in 1812; and a plant of it in the Botanic Garden at Kew has stood against a south wall since the year 1816. Another has stood in the Horticultural Society's Garden since the year 1816; In both gardens, they have attained the height of the wall; and, though the young shoots are generally killed back in winter, when they receive no protection, yet the plants grow vigorously during every summer. The tree, which grows to the height of 12 ft. in its native country, is figured in Kampfer's Amoen. Ex., 2. p. 809. In 1830 there was a plant of this species in Knight's Nursery, 10 ft, high, in a pot.

Colubrina (from coluber, a snake; in allusion to the twisted stems) triflora Brongn. and Don's Mill, 2. p. 36., the Rhamnus triflorus of Moc. et Sesse; and C. Mociniana G. Don, the Ceanothus Mocinianus of Dec., are Mexican shrubs; the latter introduced in 1824. There are some Nepal species of this genus, not yet introduced, which will probably be found hardier than those from Mexico. Willemètia (in honour of C. L. Willemet, author of Herbarium Mauritanium) africàna Brongn. and Don's Mill., 2. p. 38.; the Ceanothus africànus of Lin. Seb. Thes., 1. t. 22. f. 6., is a Cape shrub, which has been an inhabitant of our green-houses since 1712. It is readily distinguished by its purplish red branches, and lanceolate, serrated, shining leaves. It is an elegant shrub, consider. ing the order to which it belongs; and, on a conservative wall, would deserve the preference to any that we have enumerated.

219

Pomadérris (from poma, a lid, and derris, a skin; in allusion to the membraneous covering to the capsule) elliptica Labill., Don's Mill., 2. p. 38., Sims Bot. Mag., t. 1510., (fig. 218.) is a shrub from Van Diemen's Land, growing to the height of 6 ft., and introduced in 1805. It bears a general resemblance to Ceandthus azùreus; but it has smoother and more shining foliage, and cream-coloured flowers. Being a native of Van Diemen's Land, it will probably be found tolerably hardy. There are several other Australian species, and some from the South Seas, which will be found enumerated in Don's Miller, and in our Hortus Britannicus, all of which might be tried against a conservative wall.

The genera Cryptándra Smith, Bartlingia Brongn., Solenántha G. Don, Tetrapásma G. Don, Trichocéphalus Brongn., Phylica Lin., Soulangia Brongn., Gouània Jacq., Carpodètus Forst., and Olènia Thunb., all afford ligneous plants, marked in Don's Miller and in our Hortus Britannicus as inhabitants of the green-house; but, as far as we have observed, none of them have been tried against a conservative wall, except Phylica ericoides Lin. (Bot. Mag., t. 224., and our fig. 219.), which is a heath-like

shrub, growing from 2 ft. to 3 ft. in height; and producing white flowers from April to September, which, in dry warm situations, on sandy soil, will pass the winter in the open air, with a little pro

tection.

CHAP. XXXVI.

OF THE HALF-HARDY LIGNEOUS PLANTS OF THE ORDER

BRUNIA CEÆ.

THERE are nine genera included in this order in Don's Miller; and the species are mostly natives of the Cape. They are "much branched heath-like shrubs, with small, smooth, or hardly pilose leaves," and small, capitate or rarely panicled, spiked and terminal, or solitary flowers. They almost all require a heath soil, and to be propagated by cuttings, in the manner of heaths. Many of them are, doubtless, as hardy as some of the Cape heaths have been proved to be; and, where there is an extensive range of conservative walling, a few of each genus might be tried against it. Even if they did not live through the winter, their foliage and flowers, during summer, would be interesting and ornamental, and a stock of plants for turning out annually might be kept in pits.

CHAP. XXXVII.

OF THE HARDY OR HALF-HARDY LIGNEOUS PLANTS OF THE ORDER HOMALINA CEE.

DISTINCTIVE Characteristics. Calyx funnel-shaped, its tube usually adnate to the ovary, its limb with 5-15 lobes. Petals inserted into the calyx, as many as its lobes, alternate with them, smaller than they, and deemed by some an inner whorl of lobes of the calyx. Glands present in front of the segments of the calyx. Stamens arising from the base of the petals, either singly, or in threes or sixes. Anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Ovary 1-celled, with numerous ovules. Styles 3-5, simple. Ovules attached to as many parietal placentas as there are styles. Fruit berried or capsular. Seeds small, ovate, or angular, with an embryo in the middle of fleshy albumen. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, with deciduous stipules, toothed or entire. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. (Lindley Introd. to N. S., p. 79., adapted.) The ligneous species and varieties of which there are living plants in British col

lections are four: Aristotèlia Mácqui, and the variety of this with variegated leaves; and two species of Azàra: both genera are natives of Chili. The genus Aristotèlia is considered by botanists as only allied to Homalonàceæ ; but we have placed it first in our enumeration, as being both the most conspicuous, and the hardiest plant of the order.

ARISTOTELIA L'Hérit. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla of 5 petals, inserted into the bottom of the calyx. Stamens 15-18, 3-4 in a fascicle in front of each lobe of the calyx. Ovary free. Fruit a globose berry, 3-celled, the cells 2-ovuled, 1-2-seeded. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 56.)

AZA`RA R. et P. Calyx 4-7-parted. Corolla none. Stamens numerous, inserted into the base of the calyx. Fruit a globose berry, 1-celled, 5-seeded from abortion; seed covered with a spongy aril when mature. (Don's Mill, ii. p. 55.)

GENUS I.

ARISTOTELIA L'Hérit. THE ARISTOTELIA. Lin. Syst. Polyadélphia
Polyándria.

Identification. L'Hérit. Stirp., p. 31; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 56.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 58.
Derivation. Named in commemoration of Aristotle, the celebrated philosopher and naturalist.

■ 1. A. MACQUI L'Hérit. The Macqui Aristotelia.

Identification. L'Hérit. Stirp., p. 31.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 56.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 58.

Synonymes. A. glandulèsa R. et P. Fl. Per. Syst., p. 126., Poir. Suppl., 587.; A. Màqui in Dec. Prođ., 2. p. 56. Engravings. L'Hérit. Stirp., t. 16.; Lam. Ill., t. 369.; Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 44.; N. Du Ham., t. 33; Otto, t. 88.; E. of PL, No. 6597.; and the plate of this tree in our Second Volume. Variety.

A. M. 2 folüs variegatis. The variegated-leaved Macqui Aristotelia. Description, &c. The species is a shrub with spreading branches and persistent leaves, which are almost opposite, with obvious petioles, and disks that are oblong, acute, more than 2 in. long, and about 1 in. broad, dentately serrate, glabrous, and of rather a full green colour. There are stipules, but they fall off. The flowers are small, green, and yellow, disposed in axillary racemes: some of the stamens are sterile. It is a native of Chili, where it forms an evergreen shrub, with diffuse branches, growing to the height of 6 ft. The flowers are not very showy; but, in Chili, they are succeeded by berries about the size of a pea, very dark purple, and at length becoming black. They are acid, eatable; and the inhabitants make a wine from them, which they give in malignant fevers. In British gardens, it forms a sub-evergreen shrub or low tree, of very vigorous growth; so much so, in a young state, that, from the shoots not being matured, they are frequently killed down to the ground, and the foliage more or less injured. Notwithstanding this, the aristotelia frequently flowers, and, against a wall, ripens fruit; and, in all probability, if the tree were planted in dry and rather poor soil, so as to grow slowly, and not make more wood every year than it could ripen properly, it would attain a large size, and form a very handsome hardy evergreen shrub or tree. There is a plant of it at Oriel Temple, near Dublin, which, in twenty years, has attained the height of 16 ft.; and there are specimens in most botanic gardens. There is a large one at Messrs. Loddiges's, and one in the garden of the London Horticultural Society, as a low bush, which, in 1835, flowered freely. There is a tree at Syon, 18 ft. high. A standard in our garden at Bayswater has stood since 1831, without the slightest protection, and flowers freely; it is trained to a single stem, and is 8 ft. high; but would probably have been twice that height if we had not been obliged to mutilate it for want of room. The plant grows vigorously in any common garden soil,

P P

producing shoots 3 ft., 4 ft., or 5 ft. in length, when young; and it is readily propagated by cuttings, or by layers. The latter mode is generally adopted in British nurseries. Plants, in London, are 2s. 6d. each. In the case of the aristotelia and of all other shrubs or trees that are rather tender, it is very desirable, in cold situations north of London more especially, to have reserve plants, against a wall, or in pots, from which cuttings may be taken when wanted, to supply any deaths which may occur in the open garden.

GENUS II.

AZARA R. et P. THE AZARA. Lin. Syst. Polyándria Monogýnia.

Identification. R. et P. FL. Per. et Chil. Prod., 1. p. 76. t. 36.; Syst., p. 137.; D. Don, in Edin. N. P. Journ. Jan. 1831; Don's Mill., 1. p. 297., 2. p. 55.

Derivation. In honour of Joseph Nicholas Azara, a Spanish promoter of science, and of botany in particular. (Don's Mill., i. p. 297.)

Description, &c. The species are leafy evergreen shrubs or trees, with alternate, simple, stalked, stipulate leaves, which are bitter to the taste; and flowers disposed in corymbs or spikes, fragrant.

1. A. DENTATA R. et P. The toothed-leaved Azara.

Identification. R. et P. Fl. Per. et Chil. Syst., 1. p. 138.; Fl. Per., 5.

t. 465. flg. a; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 262.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 297., 2. p. 55, 56.

Engravings. R. et P. Fl. Per., 5. t. 465. fig. a; Bot. Reg., t. 1788.; and our fig. 220.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate, serrated, scabrous, tomentose beneath. Stipules leafy, one large, the other small. Corymbs sessile, few-flowered. Calyx 5-7-parted, spreading, with the segments somewhat imbricate in æstivation. Stamens numerous, many of them sterile. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 55, 56.) An evergreen shrub or low tree, growing to the height of 12 ft. in its native country (Chili), in groves about Concepcion, where it is called Corcolen. It was introduced into England in 1830, or before, and flowered against a wall in the garden of the London Horticultural Society in 1835. The following particulars respecting it are from the Bot. Reg., t. 1788. Branches pubescent. oblong, from 1 in. to 2 in. long, crenately sawed, deep, bright green, remarkably glossy. Flowers small, devoid of corolla, yellow in the anthers, which are protruded a little beyond the calyx, disposed in corymbose clusters that are shorter than the leaves, fragrant. A. dentata, in England, nailed to the south face of a wall, and protected from wet in winter, forms a very handsome evergreen bush. No drought seems to affect it; for, after nearly two months of the hottest and driest weather known in England, its leaves were perfectly fresh and green. (Bot. Reg., Sept. 1835.)

Leaves

2. A. INTEGRIFOLIA R. et P. The entire-leaved Azara.

Identification. R. et P. Syst. Fl. Per. et Chil., 1. p. 138.; Fl. Per. 5. t. 466. f. a; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 262.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 297., 2. p. 56.; Gard. Mag., 10. p. 285. Engraving. R. et P. Flor. Per., 5. t. 466.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves obovate or oblong, entire, smooth. Stipules equal, permanent. Flowers spiked. Calyx with a connivent 4-cleft limb, furnished with scales on the inside, valvate in æstivation. Stamens not numerous, all fertile, disposed in fascicles opposite the lobes of the calyx. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 56.) An evergreen shrub, a native of Chili, growing to about 12 ft. high, and found in groves about Concepcion, where it, as well as A. dentata, is called Corcolen. Mr. Knight of the Exotic Nursery, Chelsea, raised, in 1832, plants of this species from seeds obtained of Mr. Cuming, who had imported them from their native country. It is probably only a variety of the preceding. A. serrata R. et P., another species, is described in Dec. Prod. and Don's Mill., 2. p. 56. This is a native of the same locality as the others, and is also a shrub 12 ft. high. All three are, probably, varieties of the same species.

App.i. Other hardy or half-hardy ligneous Species of Homalinacea.

Blackwellia nepalensis Dec. is a Nepal shrub, with ovate leaves and whitish flowers.- Astránthus cochinchinensis Lour. (Don's Mill., 2. p.57.) is a tree with ovate, serrated, lanuginous leaves, and white flowers in long spikes, introduced in 1823.-Neillia thyrsiflora D. Don, and N. rubiflora D. Don (Don's Mill., 2. p. 57.), are hardy Nepal shrubs, with the habit of Spire a; but they have not yet been introduced. The last generic name was given by Professor Don, in honour of his friend Patrick Neill, Esq., LL.D. F.RS. E. and F.L.S., Secretary of the Wernerian and Horticultural Societies of Edinburgh; a gentleman who has been a great encourager of botany and gardening for many years, and to whose zeal and activity, and the universal esteem in which he is held in his native country, the Caledonian Horticultural Society owes its existence, and, in a great measure, its present prosperous state.