A deciduous shrub, growing to the
height of 6 ft., in rocky and gravelly
situations, near the rivers of Mon-
golia and Siberia. Introduced in
1823. It delights in a warm situ-
ation; and in cold and humid
places, Pallas observes, it is never
met with. The wood, on account
of its hardness and red colour, is
used by the Mongols for making
their images; and the berries, when
macerated in water, afford them
a deep yellow colour. The plant,
in its wild state, is a prickly bush;
but, when cultivated, the spines
no longer appear. There is a

small plant of this species in the garden of the London Horticultural Society; and another in the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges.

Variety.

R. E. 2 angustissimum Dec. Prod., ii. p. 25., R. lyciöìdes Pall. Fl. Ross., t. 63., (fig. 205.) has the leaves narrow, smaller, and very finely serrulated. It is a native of Caucasus and Achalgory.

b. Branchlets not terminated by Spines.

14. R. RUPE'STRIS Vill. The Rock Buckthorn.

Identification. Vill. Dauph., 2. p. 531.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 31.

Synonymes. R. pùmilus 3 rupestris Dec. Prod., 2. p. 25.

Spee. Char., &c. Procumbent, branched. Leaves ovate, quite entire, smooth. Flowers diœcious. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 31.) A procumbent deciduous shrub, a native of Dauphiné, on rocks; and introduced in 1752.

15. R. VALENTINUS Willd.

The Valencia Buckthorn.

Identification. Willd. Spec., 1. p. 1096.; Don's Mill. 2. p. 31.

Synonymes. R. pùmilus Cav. Icon., 2. t. 181.; R. pumilus var. valentinus Dec. Prod., 2. p. 25.
Engraving. Cav. Icon., 2. t. 181.

Spec. Char., &c. Procumbent. Leaves roundish, elliptical, minutely crenate, and nearly sessile. Flowers 4-cleft, hermaphrodite. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 31.) A procumbent deciduous shrub, a native of Spain, on the mountains of Mecca and Palomera, in the kingdom of Valencia; introduced in 1816; flowering in June and July.

16. R. WULFE'NII Spreng. Wulfen's Buckthorn.

Identification. Spreng. Syst., 1. p. 762.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 31.

Synonymes. R. pumilus Wulf. in Jacq. Coll, 2 p. 141.; R. pùmilus var. Wulfeni Dec. Prod., 2. p. 25. Engraving. Jacq. Coll., t. 11.

Spec. Char., &c. Erectish. Leaves orbicular, with cartilaginous crenated margins, veiny, silky beneath on the nerves. Stigma simple. Flowers hermaphrodite. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 31.) A subprocumbent deciduous shrub, growing to the height of 2 ft., a native of Austria; introduced in 1752, and flowering in June and July.

17. R. PUSILLUS Ten. The small Buckthorn.

Identification. Ten. Prod., 16.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 31.
Synonyme. R. pumilus var. neapolitanus Dec. Prod., 2. p. 25.

Spec. Char., &c. Procumbent. Leaves obovate, acute, crenulated, and mucronate at the apex. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stigma 3-parted. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 31.) A deciduous procumbent shrub, a native of Naples, and introduced in 1823; flowering in June and July.

18. R. DAHU'RICUS Pall. The Dahurian Buckthorn. Identification Pall. Fl. Ross., 2. t. 61.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 25.; Don's Mill. 2. p. 31. Engraving. Pall. Fl. Ross., 2. t. 61.

Spec. Char., &c. Erect. Leaves oblong-ovate, serrated, smooth, veiny. Flowers diœcious, female ones with bifid stigmas. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 31.) A deciduous shrub, growing to the height of 5 ft.; found near the river Arguinus in Dahuria, but not in any other part of Siberia. The flowers are of

a greenish yellow colour; berries black, about the size of a pea; and the general appearance of the plant is that of R. catharticus, of which it may possibly be only a variety. In 1833, there was a small plant of it in Loddiges's arboretum. The wood is red, and is called sandal wood by the Russians.

206

19. R. ALNIFOLIUS L'Hérit. The Alder-leaved Buckthorn.
Identification. L'Hérit. Sert., t. 5.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 25.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 32.
Engravings. Hayne Abbild., t. 61.; and our fig. 206.
Spec. Char., &c. Erect. Leaves obovate or ovate,
serrulated, obliquely lineated, with lateral
nerves, acuminated or obtuse, smoothish be-
neath, except the nerves. Flowers hermaphro-
dite or dioecious. Pedicels 1-flowered, aggre-
gate. Calyxes acute. Fruit turbinate. (Don's
Mill., ii. p. 32.) A deciduous shrub, grow-
ing to the height of 8 ft.; a native of North
America, introduced in 1778; but not the R.
alnifolius of Pursh. There are plants of this
name in the nurseries, which, in London, cost
1s. 6d.; at New York, 50 cents.

20. R. FRANGULÖIDES Michx. The Frangula-like Buckthorn.
Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 158.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 32.
Synonymes. R. alnifolius var. franguloides Dec. Prod., 2. p. 25.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 3. t. 15, and our fig. 207.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves oval, serrated, pubescent on the nerves beneath.
Peduncles twice bifid. Berries depressed, globose. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 32.)
A deciduous shrub, growing to the height of 8 ft.; a native of North
America, from Canada to Virginia, on dry hills, near rivers; producing
its green flowers in June and July, which are succeeded by small, round,
black berries. Introduced in 1810. This sort, and some of the others,
may possibly be only seminal varieties, or natural hybrids; for, in a
genus in which there are so many species, it is to be expected that acci-
dental cross fecundation will occasionally take place. From whatever
source, however, a distinct form is produced, it can always be continued
in gardens by propagation by extension; and, so long as mankind have
wealth, intelligence, and leisure to admire the varied productions of
nature, the greater the number of these varied productions, the more
ample will be their source of enjoyment.

21. R. ALPINUS Lin. The Alpine Buckthorn. Identification. Lin. Spec., 213.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 32.

207

Engravings. N. Du Ham., 3. t. 13.; Bot. Cab., t. 1077.; our fig. 208.; and our plate of the tree

in Vol. II.

Spec. Char., &c. Erect, twisted. Leaves oval

lanceolate, crenate-serrated, smooth, lineated with many parallel nerves. Flowers dioecious, female ones with 4-cleft stigmas. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 32.) A deciduous shrub, growing to the height of 4 ft., in the Alps, of Switzerland, Dauphiné, and Carniola. Introduced in 1752. The flowers are greenish, and produced in May and June, and the berries black. This is a very distinct species, and remarkable for its twisted leaves. There is a strong plant of it in the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges, and one in the garden of the Horticultural Society, which, in 10 years, has attained the height of 8 ft., and the character of a small

tree.

22. R. PU'MILUS Lin. The dwarf Buckthorn.

Identification. Lin. Mant., 49.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 32.
Synonyme. R. rupestris Scop. Carn., 1. t. 5.
Engraving. Scop. Carn., 1. t. 5.

Flowers

Spec. Char., &c. Plant procumbent, much branched. Leaves ovate, serrated, smooth. hermaphrodite. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 32.) A deciduous procumbent shrub, a native of Mount Baldo in the Alps, and of Carniola, in the fissures of rocks. Introduced in 1752. Flowering in June and July. The flowers are greenish yellow, the stamens white, and the berries black.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., t. 383.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 26.; Brongn. Mém. Rham., t. 55.

Sect. Char. Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely diacious, 5-cleft, sometimes 4-cleft. Seeds smooth, compressed, with the hilum white and exserted, and with the raphe lateral, on the surface of the inner testa. Embryo flat. Leaves membraneous, caducous, quite entire, lined with approximate parallel nerves. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 32.)

23. R. CAROLINIANUS Walt. The Carolina Buckthorn. Identification. Walt. Car., p. 101.; Pursh, 1. 166.; Michx. Fl. Amer., 1. p. 153. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 26. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 32.

Spec. Char., &c. Erect. Leaves oval-oblong, almost entire, smooth. Umbels stalked. Flowers hermaphrodite. Berries globose. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 32.) A deciduous shrub, growing to the height of 6 ft., in woods and swamps, in Virginia and Carolina. Introduced in 1819. It flowers in May and June, and the berries are black, and 4-seeded.

24. R. FRA'NGULA L. The breaking Buckthorn, or Berry-bearing Alder. Identification. Lin. Spec., 280.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 32.

Synonymes. Nerprun Bourgène, Aune noir, Fr. glatter Wegdorn, Ger.

Derivation. The name of Frángula, breaking, is applied to this species, from the brittleness of its branches.

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 250.; Ed. Fl. Dan., t. 278.; our fig. 209.; and the plate of the species in Vol. II.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves oval, quite entire, lineated

with 10 or 12 lateral nerves, and, as well as the calyx, smooth. Flowers hermaphrodite. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 32.) A deciduous shrub, or low tree, with stems from 3 to 5 ft. high, in a wild state; but, in cultivation, attaining more than double that height. The branches are numerous, alternate, leafy, round, smooth, and blackish. The flowers are whitish, with purple anthers, and the berries are dark purple, each with two large seeds. A native of Europe, and part of Siberia, in Asia, in woods and thickets. It is not uncommon in England, but rare in Scotland. It is common in all the north of Russia, in Siberia, and Caucasus, and in Taurida. The berries are used by the Russians for dyeing yellow, and the bark for dyeing a tawny colour. From a quarter to half an ounce of the inner bark, boiled in small beer, is a sharp purge. In dropsies, or constipation of the bowels in cattle, it is a very certain purgative. The berries are also purgative, like those of the common buckthorn. These, gathered before they are ripe, dye wool green and yellow; when ripe, blue grey, blue, and green. The bark dyes yellow, and, with a preparation of iron, black. The flowers are particularly grateful to bees. Goats devour the leaves voraciously, and sheep will eat them. The charcoal prepared from the wood is preferred by the makers of gunpowder to any other. The berries of this species, and also of the cornel, are said to have been formerly brought to market for those of the common buckthorn. They are easily distinguished; the true buckthorn having 4 seeds, and this only 2; and the cornel one nut enclosing two kernels. (Martyn's Miller.) The plant of this species in the garden of the London Horticultural Society was, in 1835, 8 ft. high, after being 10 years planted; and that at Messrs. Loddiges was still higher in 1833, but it has been since cut down.

Variety.

R. F. 2. angustifolia Hort., has narrower leaves. The plant of this species in the Horticultural Society's Garden is very distinct, and, in 1835, was 6 ft. high, after being 10 years planted.

25. R. LATIFOLIUS L'Hérit. The broad-leaved Buckthorn. Identification. L'Hérit. Sert., 5. t. 8.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 26.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 32 Engravings. L'Hérit. Sert., 5. t. 8.; Dend. Brit., t. 11.; Willd. Abbild., t. 100.; E. of PL., No. 2886.; our fig. 210.; and the plate of this tree in Vol II.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves elliptical, acuminate, quite
entire, lineated with 12 or 15 lateral nerves; younger
leaves and calyxes villous. Flowers hermaphrodite.
(Don's Mill., ii. p. 32.) A deciduous shrub, with
the habit of a low tree; a native of the Azores, on
the mountains of St. Michael. Introduced in 1778.
It flowers in July, and the berries which succeed
them are either red or black, both colours appearing
on the same plant. The leaves are larger than those
of any other species; and the whole plant is remark-
able for its robust appearance, and the conspicuous
opposite nerves, which proceed from the middle of
the leaves. It deserves a place in every collection.
There is a tree of it at Syon 15 ft. high. In London,
plants are from 1s. to 1s. 6d. each. At Bollwyller,
i franc and 50 cents; and at New York, 50 cents.

App. i. Hardy Species of Rhamnus not yet introduced.

R. amygdalinus Desf. Atl., 1. p. 198., a native of the north of Africa, in the fissures of rocks, where it grows to the height of 3 ft., and produces berries used for dyeing yellow, like those of R. saxatilis.

R. persicifolius Moris. Stirp. Sard, 4to, fasc. 2., a native of Sardinia, and probably only a synonyme of R. amygdalinus.

R. prunifolius Smith Prod. Fl. Græc., 1. p. 157., a native of Crete, on the highest mountains, and probably only a variety of one of the preceding

R. Sibthorpianus Schult.
Syst., 6. p. 286

R. pu-
bescens Sibth. Fl. Græc.,
t. 239., a native of Mount
Parnassus, and nearly al-
lied to R. alpinus, and R.
Frángula.

R. Purshianus Dec. Prod., 2. p. 25. (fig. 211.), the R. alnifolius of Pursh but not of L'Héritier, a shrub, growing to the height of 6 ft., native of North America, on the banks of the Koorkoosky.

R. sanguineus Pers., a native of Galicia, on the banks of rivers, where it grows to the height of 6 ft.

R. minutiflorus Pursh, a native of the sea coasts of Carolina and Florida.

The following species probably belongs to another genus; but, not having seen the plant we can say nothing about it of our own knowledge.

R. carpinifolius Pall. Ross., 2. p. 24. t. 60., Willd. Spec, 1101., and N. Du Ham., vol. iii. p. 40., (fig. 212.) is said to be a tree resembling the hornbeam. Pallas says that it abounds in the calcareous mountains of Kutais, in Russia, but that he never saw its flowers. It may possibly be a Plánera.

App. ii. Half-hardy, or Green-house, Species.

R. integrifolius Dec. Hort. Monsp., R. coriaceus Nees's Hora Phys., p. 114. t. 22., is a shrub, a native of Teneriffe, on the highest peak, where it attains the height of 2 ft.; introduced in 1822. and, doubtless, half-hardy.

R. prinöldes L'Hérit. Sert., 6. t. 9., Zizyphus lucidus Manch is a shrub, growing 10 ft. high in Africa, at the Cape of Good Hope; introduced in 1778.

R. celtidifolius Thunb. is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, not yet introduced.

R. crenulatus Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 263., is a shrub, growing to the height of 6 ft. on the mountains of Teneriffe; in culture in British green-houses in 1778.

R. serrulatus H. B. et Kunth Nov. Sp. Amer., 7. p. 51. t. 617., is a shrub, growing to the height of 6 ft. in Mexico, not yet introduced.

R. microphyllus Willd. is a trailing shrub, a native of Mexico, resembling R. oleöìdes, introduced in 1823.

R. umbellatus Cav. Icon., 6. p. 2. t. 504., is a shrub, growing 6 ft. high in Mexico.

R. tenuifolius Moc. in Dec. Prod., 2. p. 26., is a native of Mexico, of which little is known. Besides the above, there are some doubtful green-house species, all of which it would be desirable to procure, in order to prove their degree of hardiness, and assist in reducing this genus to order.

GENUS V.

CEANO THUS L. THE CEANOTHUS, or RED ROOT. Lin. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia.

Identification. Brongn. Mém. Rham., p. 62.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 124.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 31.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 37.

Synonymes. Rhamnus species L., Juss., Lam.; Céanothe, Fr.; Säkebbaum, Ger.

Derivation. From keanothus, a name employed by Theophrastus to designate a spiny plant, derived from keō, to cleave: the modern genus has, however, nothing to do with the plant of Theophrastus. The English name red root is given to the plant in America, from the red colour of the roots, which are of a large size in proportion to the branches.

Description, &c. Deciduous shrubs, with large red roots, herbage generally pubescent, with numerous erect branches, seldom exceeding 3 ft. or 4 ft. in height, but, in one or two cases, attaining the height of 6 ft. or 8 ft., with alternate, serrated, 3-nerved leaves, and white, blue, or yellow flowers, in terminal panicles, or in axillary racemes. They are chiefly natives of North America, very ornamental in British gardens, and easily propagated by cuttings of the young wood, planted in sand, and covered with a hand-glass. Most of the species produce seeds freely in British gardens, and they all grow in any cominon garden soil.

1. C. AZU`REUS Desf. The azure-flowered Ceanothus, or Red Root. Identification. Desf. Cat., 1815, p. 232.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 31.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 37.

Synonymes. C. cæràleus Lag. Gen. et Spec., 1816., p. 11., Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 110.; C. bicolor Willd. in Schult. Syst., 7. p. 65.

Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 291.; Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 110.; and our fig. 213.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, acutely serrated, smooth above, hoary and downy beneath. Thyrse elongated, axillary, with a downy rachis. Pedicels smooth. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 37.) A very handsome shrub, with brilliant celestial blue flowers in large panicles; a native of Mexico, where its bark is considered as a febrifuge. Introduced in 1818. It is the most robust-growing species of the genus, attaining, in 3 or 4 years from seed, the height of 5 ft. or 6 ft. or more, against a wall. It was at first treated as a green-house plant, but lately it has been found to be nearly as hardy as the North American species. There is a plant in the Botanic Garden at Kew which has stood out 10 years; one in the Lewisham Nursery which has stood out 4 years as a standard; and one in the Fulham Nursery, 10 ft. in extent, which stands out without any protection whatever.

2. C. AMERICA'NUS L. The American Ceanothus, or Red Root; or New

Jersey Tea.

Identification. Lin. Spec., 281.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 31.; Hook. Fl. Bor.
Amer., 1. p. 124.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 37.

Engravings. Duh. Arb., 1. t. 51.; Mill. Ic. t. 57.; Bot. Mag., t. 1497.;
and our fig. 214.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate, acuminate, serrated, pubescent beneath. Thyrse elongated, axillary, with a pubescent rachis. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 37.) A shrub, from 2 ft. to 4 ft. high; a native of North America, in dry woods from Canada to Florida. Introduced in 1713. The leaves and stems of the plant are pu bescent; the flowers are small and white; but, being produced in great numbers together, are very ornamental. They appear in June and July, and are succeeded by bluntly triangular fruits, and, about London, in fine seasons, it ripen seeds. It is abundant in most parts of North America, where it is

214