HIV IGROSITY

CHAP. XXXIV.

4QUIFOLIA CEÆ.

I'LEX.

at that season, in the holly, as in the box, the wound is comparatively
obliterated by the healing over produced by the still abundant sap. When it
is desired to grow the holly for timber, it should be planted in close plantaze.
tions, like other forest trees; either with or without nurse trees, according to
the situation; and the stems should be deprived of the side branches, when
they are under half an inch in diameter, to a certain height, say a fourth of
the entire beight of the tree, in order to produce a clean trunk.

Statistics. Hollies in ancient Times. Pliny tells us that Tiburtus built the city of Tibur near three holly trees; over which he had observed the flight of birds that pointed out the spot whereon the gods had fixed for its erection ; and that these trees were standing in his own time, and must, therefore, be upwards of 1200 years old. He also tells us that there was a holly tree, then growing near the Vatican, in Rome, on which was fixed a plate of brass, with an inscription engraven in Tuscan letters; and that this tree was older than Rome itself, which must have been more than 800 years." (Book xvi. chap. 44.). This author notices a holly tree in Tusculum, the trunk of which measured 35 ft. in circumference, and which sent out ten branches, of such magnitude, that each might pass for a tree. He says, this single tree alone resembled a small wood.Cole tells us, in his Paradise of Plants, that he knew a tree of this kind which grew in an orchard; and the owner, he says, " cut it down, and caused it to be sawed into boards, and made himself thereof a coffin; and, if I mistake not, left enough to make his wife one also. Both the parties were very corpulent; and, therefore, you may imagine the tree could not be small." (Sylva Florifera, i. p. 283.) Bradley, in 1726, men. tions hollies above 60 ft. high, in the holly walk, near Frencham, in Surrey, in sandy soil. Evelyn mentions some large ones near his own place, at Wooton, in Surrey, in the neighbourhood of which was once a fort called Holmsdale Castle, from, as he supposes, the number of holis, or hollies, which once grew there. The names of Holmsdale, Holmwood, and Holme Castle occur in various parts of Scotland, and are generally supposed to have been applied in consequence of the abundance of hollies at these places at the time the names were given. "Hayes mentions a variegated silver holly at Ballygannon, in Ireland, 28 ft. high, with a trunk, 5 ft. in circumference; and another, on Innisfallen Island, in the Lake of Killarney, with a trunk 15 ft. in circumference, and about the same height before it began to branch out.

I'lex Aquifolium in the Environs of London. At Syon, 1. A. aureo-marginatum 50 ft. high, and I A. albo-marginatum 35 ft, high; at York House, Twickenham, the species 50 years planted, and 40 ft. high; at Mount Grove, Hampstead, 25 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 16 in., and of the head, 20 ft.; at Ham House, 33 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 21 in., and of the head 3] ft. ; in the Fulham Nursery, 30 years planted, and

40 ft. high. I'ker Aquifolium South of London. In Cornwall, at Port Elliott, 70 years planted, and 40 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk Ž ft. 3 in., and of the head 52 ft. In Devonshire, at Killerton, 33 ft. high; at Endsleigh Cottage, 1. A. aureo-marginatum, 22 years planted, and 21 ft. high; at Kempton, 45 ft. high. In Dorsetshire, at Compton House, 100 years planted and 40 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 2 it 2 in. In the Isle of Jersey, in Saunders's Nursery, 10 years planted, and 16 ft. high. In Hampshire, at Alresford, 30 years planted, and 40 ft. high. In Somersetshire, at Nettlecombe, 100 years planted, and 27 ft. high. In Surrey, at Claremoni, 80 ft. high (the highest in England), the diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 2 in, and of the head 25 ft., in sandy loam, on gravel, and drawn up among other trees; at Walton on Thames, 40 years planted, and 23 ft. high, the branches spreading over a space 76 ft. in diameter; at Pepper Harrow Park, various trees from 60ft, to 70 ft. high ; at Bagshot Park, 40 ft. high. In Sussex, at Cowdray, 53 it. high. In Wiltshire, at Wardour Castle, 40 years planted, and 25 it. high, diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 4 in., and of the head 54 ft.

Ilez Aquifolium North of London. In Berkshire, at Hampstead Marshall, there are various trecs from 40 ft. to 50 ft. high, with trunks from 4 ft. to 5 ft. in diameter. In Cheshire, at Kinmel Park, 20 years planted, and 26 ft. high, in sandy loam, on moist clay. In Cumberland, at Ponsonby Hall, many specimens 30 ft. high. In Durham, at Southend, 8 years planted, and 13 ft. high. In Essex, at Hy lands, 10 years planted, and 18 ft. high. In Monmouthshire, at Dowlais House, 50 years planted, and 18 ft. high, In Norfólk, at Merton, one 61 ft, high, with a trunk 4ft. in diameter; and two others nearly as large. In Staffordshire, at Trentham, 26 ft.high. In Rutlandshire, at Belvoir Castle, 7 years planted, and 8 ft. high. In Warwickshire, at Whitley Abbey, 160 years planted, and 43 ft high. In Worcestershire, at Croome, 35 years planted, and 40 it. high. In Yorkshire, at Hackness, 50 years planted, and 30 ft. high ; at Grimston, in argillaceous soil, 37 it. high ; and at Cannon Hall, the species >8 ft. high, L. A. álbo-marginatum 39 ft. high, 1. A. aureo-marginatum 3: ft. high, and 1. A. 'fèrox 19 ft. high.

L'lez Aquifolium in the Environs of Edinburgh. At Hopetoun House, 100 years planted, 44 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 1 in., and of the head 30 ft., on clay; at Craigie Hall, 20 it. high; at Woodhouse Lee, a hedge, upwards of 100 ft. long, and so ft. high; at Cramond House, 20 ft. high; at Moredun, a hedge, planted in the beginning of the eighteenth century, S78 ft. long, 20 ft. high, 9 ft. wide at bottom, and 4 ft. wide at top, annually clipped; at Collinton, 1120 ft. of holly hedges, planted in 1670 and 1780, and varying from 15 st. to 8 ft. in height, clipped every three years.

I'lex Aquifolium South of Edinburgh. In East Lothian, at Gosford House, 20 ft high; at Biel, 100 years planted, 371 ft. high; at Tyningham, 2952 yards of holly hedges, chiefly planted in 1719, from 10 ft. to 25 ft. in height, and from 91 to 13 it. wide at the base; and single trees, varying in heighi from 20 ft. to 50 ft. Most of the herges are regularly clipped in April, and they are carefully protected, by ditches on each side, from the bite of cattle, and more particularly of sheep, wbich are very fond of the bark, shoots, and young leaves of the holly. In Kirkcudbrightshire, at Bargally, there are several varieties, above 140 years planted, and from 50 ft. to 40 ft. high.

I'ler Aquifolium North of Edinburgh. In Argyllshire, at Toward Castle, various trees, from 25 ft. to 30 ft. high, with trunks from 18 in. io 20 in, in diameter, and that of the heads from 20 ft. to 30 ft., on gravelly loan Ir Banffshire, at Gordon Castle, 52 it. high, the trunk 2 ft. 6 in. in diameter, and the soil a strong loam on a strong clay. (See the diinensions of numerous hollies at Gordon Castle, in Gard. Mag., vol. iii. p. 185.) In Fifeshire, at Danibristle Park, 44 st. high, the diameter of the trunk 95 in., and of the head 18 ft., on strong Ioam. The trees here, and at Gordon Castle, prove that, if the holly were drawn up in a close plantation, like the larch or pine, it would, like them, produce a clean straight trunk, of a timber-like size, in a moderate space of ground and time. Perthshire, at Taymouth, 30 ft. high. In Renfrewshire, at Bothwell Castle, 45 years planted, and 46 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 15 inches, and of the head 38 ft., in heavy loam on moist clay. In Sutherlandshire, at Dunrobin Castle, 43 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 17 in., and of the head 25 fl., in black heath soil, on gravel.

in

Ilex Aquifolium in the Environs of Dublin. At Castle Town, 30 ft. high, the trunk 18 in., and the head 30 ft. in diameter ; at Cypress Grove, so ft. high ; at Terenure, 40 years planted, and 30 ft. high, in dry soil, on a calcareous subsoil; in Cullenswood Nursery, 1. A. croceum, [?] 12 years planted, and 17 ft' high.

I'ler Aquifolium South of Dublin. In King's County, at Charleville Forest, 40 years planted, and 45 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 32 in., and of the head 28 ft., in brown loam, on gravel In Munster, at Castle Freke, S2 ft. high.

rlex Aquifolium North qf Dublin. In Louth, at Oriel Temple, the species and several varieties, from 20 it. to 30 ft. high. In Down, at Ballyleady, 60 years planted, and 34 ft. high. In the Park, at Moira, 25 ft. high. In Antrim, at Belfast, in Mr. Templeton's garden, 15 ft. high. Ilex Aquifolium in Foreign Countries. In France, in the

Jardin des Plantes, 50 years planted, and 30 ft. high; in the Botanic Garden at Toulon, 48 years planted, and 18 ft. high; at Nantes, in the nursery of M. Nerrin, 60 years planted, and 30 ft. high. In Saxony, at Wörlitz, 35 years planted, and 16 ft. high. In Austria, at Brück on the Leytha, so years planted, and 12 ft. high. "In Prussia, the holly grows wild in a forest 20 miles from Berlin, nevertheless, in the Berlin Botanic Garden, it requires protection during winter ; at Sans Souci, 9 years planted, it has attained the height of 8 ft. In Hanover, at Harbecke, 6 years planted, it has attained the height of 3 ft. ; in the Botanic Garden at Göttingen, it requires protection during winter. In Denmark, in the Royal Gardens at Copenhagen, it is 3 ft. or 4 ft. high, and requires protection. In Sweden, in the Botanic Garden at Lund, it is 24 ft. high, and requires protection. In Italy, at Monza, 30 years planted, it is 20 ft. high

Commercial Statistics. In the London nurseries, two years' seedlings of the species are 7s. a thousand; transplanted plants of 3 and 4 years' growth, from 8s. to 10s. a thousand; variegated hollies, in sorts, one and two years planted, from 50s. to 75s, a hundred. At Bollwyller, the species, of 3 or 4 years' growth, is 1 franc a plant, and the different varieties 3 francs each. At New York, the species is 50 cents a plant, and the different varieties, which, in that part of America, require protection during winter, are 1 dollar each.

1 2. I. (A.) BALEA’RICA Desf. The Minorca Holly. Identification. Desf. Arb., 2. p. 262.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 17.

183 Synonymes. I. Aquifolium var. 8 Lam. Dict., 3. p. 145.; 1. made

rénsis Willd. Enum. Suppl., 8. according to Link.
Engraving. Our fig. 183.
Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate, acute, flat, shining,

entire, or spiny-toothed. Umbels axillary, few-
flowered, short. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 17.) A very
distinct variety of the common holly, readily dis-
tinguished at sight, by its yellowish green leaves,
which are sharply acuminated, but very slightly
waved at the edges, and with few prickles. As it
is considered by some authors as a species, and
has very much the appearance of one, we have
thought it best to keep it apart. It is propagated
by budding or grafting on the common holly.
There were formerly large plants of this species
in the Mile End Nursery. Plants, in the London
nurseries, are 5s. each. At Bollwyller and New
York it is a green-house plant.

1 3. 1. opa'da Ait. The opaque-leaved, or American Holly. Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew, 1. p. 177.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 14. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 17. Synonymes. Agrifolium vulgàre Clayt. Flor. Virgin. ; rlex Aquifdlium Gronov. and Walt. A.

Car. 241. Engravings. E. of Pl., No. 1824.; and the plate of the species in our Second Volume. Spec. Char., fc. Leaves ovate, flat, coriaceous, acute, toothed in a scalloped

manner, spiny, and glabrous, but not glossy. Flowers scattered, at the base of only those branches that are a year old. Teeth of the calyx acute. Sexes diccious. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 14.) A beautiful evergreen tree, a native of North America, from Canada to Carolina, sometimes, according to Pursh, growing to the height of 80 ft., with a trunk 4 ft. in diameter. Introduced in 1744. The Howers are white, and produced in May and June, and the berries are scarlet, round, and handsome, remaining on all the winter. According to Rafinesque, in the northern parts of North America this species forms a bush under 10 ft. in height; its medium height, in favourable situations, being about 40 ft. This species was formerly supposed to be only a variety of I. Aquifolium. In America, it is applied to all the uses which the common holly is in Europe. It forms hedges; is an

;

ornamental tree or shrub in gardens; is employed for making birdlime; and the wood is used in turnery and cabinet-making. It is propagated in the same manner as the common holly. There is a plant of this species in the garden at Walton House 25 ft. high ; a large one at Syon; and many fine plants at White Knights. Plants, in London, are Is. 6d. each; at New

York, 40 cents, and seeds 1 dollar a quart. Varieties. There are none in the British gardens; but Rafinesque mentions

I. o. 2 mácrodon, with remote long teeth ; I. o. 3 latifolia, with broad ovate leaves, rounded at the base, and small teeth ; I. o. 4 acuminata, with narrow and very sharp leaves; and I. o. 5 globosa, a small plant, with a globose foliage. These names are not in Prince's Catalogue ; but we hope some collector will procure them from their native habitats, and send them to England.

. 4. I. (0.) LAXIFLO‘ra Lam. The loose-flowered Holly. Identification. Lam Dict., 3. p. 147. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 14. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 17. Synonymes. A variety of 1. opaca, according to Nuttal, Dec. ; I. Aquifolíum báccis flavis Wall.

FZ. Čaroh, 241. Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate, sinuately toothed, spiny, coriaceous, glabrous. Stipules awl-shaped. Peduncles loosely branched, bearing many flowers, and placed in a scattered manner above the axils of the leaves. Teeth of the calyx acute. Fruit yellow. (Dec. Prod., ii, p. 14.). Described by Pursh as an evergreen shrub, of lower growth than Í. opaca; found in Carolina, in shady saudy woods, with whitish flowers, and yellowish red berries. It produces its flowers in May and June, and was introduced into England in 1811. We have not seen this sort, but think it, in all probability, only a variety. Seeds of it are advertised in Mr. Charlwood's Catalogue at 4s. a quart.

B. Leaves toothed, serrated, or crenate, but not spiny. 5. I. CASSI'NE Ait. The Cassine-like, or broad-leaved Dahoon, Holly. Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew, p. 170.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 14. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 17. Synonymes. Aquifolium carolinense Catesb. Car., 1. t. 31.; I. caroliniana Mill. Dict., No. 3. ; I. cassinöldes Link. Enum., 1. p. 148.; I. Dahoon Walt. Fl. Car., 241.; the Cassèna of the American Indians, Rafin. Engravings. Catesb. Car., 1. t. 31.; E. of Pl., No. 1828. Spec. Char., fc. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply sawed, flat; the midribs,

petioles, and branchlets glabrous; the flowers upon lateral corymbosely branched peduncles. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 14.) An evergreen low tree, from 8 ft. to 12 ft. in height; a native of Lower Carolina and Florida, in shady swamps; and introduced into England in 1700. The flowers are small, and of a yellowish white; they are produced in August, and are succeeded by round red berries rather smaller than those of the common holly. The berries continue on the trees the most part of the winter, untouched by birds; and, being of a bright red, and large in proportion to the leaves, which are about the size of those of the common arbutus, they make a fine appearance, both in their native country and in

184 England. The leaves and young shoots of this species are used by the Indians for the same purposes as those of I. vomitòria and 1. Dahoón. This species is not unfrequent in British collections: there is a specimen of it, 10 ft. high, in the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges, and a small one in the garden of the Horticultural Society. It is commonly propagated by seeds; but it will also strike by cuttings, or it may be grafted on the common holly. Plants, in the London nurseries, cost 28. 6d. each; at New York, 1 dollar, and

a

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves linear-lanceolate, sawed

at the tip, rather revolute in the margin; the midrib, petiole, and branchlets glabrous. Flowers in stalked lateral cymes. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 14.) An evergreen shrub, from 6 ft. to 10 ft. high, found in deep swamps from Virginia to Georgia, and introduced in 1806. The flowers are white, and appear in June; the berries are globular and red. A very handsome species, but not very common. There are plants of it at Messrs. Loddiges, and in the London Horticultural Society's Garden, under the name of 1. myrtifòlia.

185 Variety: I. a. 2 ligustrifolia Ph., with oblong, ovate, entire leaves, is

given by Pursh, who doubts whether it may not be a

distinct species.

17. I. vomito‘ria Ait. The emetic Holly, or South Sea Tea. Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 278.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 14. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 17. Synonymes. I. Cassine vèra Walt. Carol., 241.; I. ligústrina Jacq. Coul., 4. p. 105, Icon. Rar., t. 31)., Wendl. Hort., t. 31. ; Cassine Peràgua Mill. Icon., t. 83. f. 2. ; 1. Cassèna Michx. Fl., 1. p. 229. ; 1. religidsa Bart. Fl. Virg., 69.; I. floridana Lam. iú., No. 1731. ; Houx apalachine Fr.; true Cassène, Cassèna, Floridan; the Yapon, Virginian ; the evergreen Cassèna, or Cassioberry Bush, Eng. Engravings. Jacq. Icon. Rar., t 310. ; Wendl. Hort., t. 31.; Mill. Fig., t. 83. f. 2.; and our fig. 186. Spec. Char., &c. Leaves oblong or elliptic, ob

tuse at both ends, crenately sawed, and, with the branchlets, glabrous. Flowers in subsessile lateral umbels. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 14.) An elegant evergreen tree, a native of Florida, Carolina, and Virginia, in moist shady places, growing to the height of 12 ft. or 15 ft., and introduced in 1700. The flowers, which are whitish, are produced in June; and the berries, which resemble in colour those of the 'common holly, remain on the tree all the

186 winter. It was cultivated by Miller, and in several other gardens in the neighbourhood of London, till the severe winter of 1789, when most of the plants of it were destroyed. Other plants were afterwards raised from seed, and they have ever since resisted the cold of ordinary winters without covering. In the first edition of Du Hamel, it is stated, that this species had been a long time cultivated by the Chevalier Jansen, in his garden at the Barrière Chaillot, at Paris. Rafinesque states that the true cassena is reckoned a holy plant by many of the southern tribes of American Indians, being used, during their religious rites and solemn councils, to clear the stomach and the head. Women are forbidden to use it. For these purposes the leaves and young shoots are collected with care, and, when dried, form an article of trade among the tribes. They often parch or scorch slightly the leaves before using them. They are inodorous, the taste is sub-aromatic and fervid, and they are useful in stomach fevers, diabetes, small-pox, &c., as a mild emetic; but the Indians' black drink is a strong decoction of them, and a violent, though harmless, vomitive. In North Carolina, the inhabitants of the sea-side swamps, having no good water to drink, purify it, by boiling it with a little cassena (perhaps Viburnum cassinöìdes), and use it constantly warm, as the Chinese do their daily tea. I. Dahoon and I. Cassine are used as substitutes for the cassena; and many other shrubs appear to be used indiscriminately for making the black drink

: for example, the Cassine ramulosa of the Flora of Louisiana. (Raf. Med. Flor., i. p. 9.) The use made of the leaves in Carolina and Florida, by the native Indians, has given rise to the opinion that this species was the Paraguay tea mentioned in Martyn's Miller, on

W

the authority of M. Frezier : but the species which produces that article is the 1. paraguariensis Lam., which will be hereafter noticed. 1. vomitòria is not very common in British collections; but there are plants of it in Loddiges's arboretum, and in the garden of the London Horticultural Society. Price, at New York, 1 dollar a plant, and seeds 2 dollars a quart.

C. Leaves quite entire, or nearly so. 1 8. I. CANARIE'NSIS Poir. The Canary Island Holly. Identification. Poir. Suppl., 3. p. 67; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 14. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 19. Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, flat, rather acute, entire, glossy: Flowers in axillary

umbels, few in an umbel. Peduncle longer than the petioles. Fruit black. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 14.) Flowers white, truly diæcious. (Don's Mul., ii. p. 19.) An evergreen tree, a native of the Canary Islands, introduced in 1820. The fruit of this species is said to be black. We have not seen the plant.

. 9. I. DAHOO'N Wall. The Dahoon Holly. Identification. Walt. Fl. Carol., 241.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 14. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 19. Synonyme. 1. Cassine Willd. Hort. Berl, 1. t. 31. Engraving. Willd. Hort. Berolin., t. 31., under the name of I. Cassine. Spec Char., &c. Leaves lanceolately elliptical, nearly entire, almost revolute

in the margin; the midrib, petiole, and branchlets villous. Flowers disposed in corymbose panicles, that are upon lateral and terminal peduncles. (Dec. Prod., č. p. 14.) A beautiful evergreen shrub or low tree, found in open swamps from Carolina to Florida, and introduced in 1726. In British gardens, it grows to the height of 6 ft. or 8 ft., producing its white flowers in May and June, which are succeeded by berries, which become red in September. The leaves of this species are very numerous, and resemble those of Laurus Borbònia. In America, as already noticed under No. 7., they are used in the same manner as I'lex vomitòria. The species is scarce in British gardens, and seldom ripens fruit. It is most commonly kept in green-houses or pits; but there is a plant in the open air, in the Mile End Nursery, which was 20 ft. high, with a head 30 ft. in diameter. It had stood there many years, without the slightest protection. Plants, in London, are 2s. 6d. each, and seeds 6s. a quart; at Bollwyller, where it is a green-house plant, 3 francs each; at New York, where it requires pro