6. P. LATIFOLIA L. The broad-leaved Phillyrea. Identification. Lin. Sp., 10.; Don's Mill., . p. 46.; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1856.

Synonymes. P. latifolia ß serrata Poll. Fl. Ver., 1. p. 7.; P. latifolia Ten. Fl. Neap., 3. p. 6.; P. spinosa Ten. Syll., p. 9. No. 2.; P. latifolia 3 spinosa Seg. Ver., 2. p. 273.

Engravings. Smith Fl. Græc., t. 2.; and our fig. 1028.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate, rounded at the base, serrated, veiny. Young leaves sub-cordate at the base. (Don's Mill., iv. p. 46.) A tree, 23 ft. to 30 ft. high, a native of the south of Europe. It was introduced in 1597, and flowers in May and June. This forms a very handsome, large, evergreen bush; and, with a little management in the way of training, it might be moulded into a very handsome small tree, which, from its fixed rigid shape and limited dimensions, would have a sort of architectural character, well adapted for being placed near the house, on the lawn of a suburban garden. The largest plant that we know of, in the neighbourhood of London, stands in the garden of Earl's Court House, and was, in 1836, upwards of 18 ft. high, with a head nearly as much in diameter.

7. P. (L.) LEVIS Ait. The smooth Phillyrea. Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 12.; Don's Mill., 4. p. 46.; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836. Synonymes. P. latifolia var. A. Willd. Sp., 1. p. 43.; P. latifolia Mill. Dict., No. 1. Engravings. Lob. Icon., 132. f. 2.; Du Ham. Arb., t. 125.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves elliptic-oblong, almost entire, veiny, bluntish; an inch or more in length, a little narrowed at the base, blunt, and with a small mucro at the point. (Don's Mill., iv. p. 46.) A shrub, from 10 ft. to 20 ft. high; a native of the south of Europe and north of Africa. Introduced in 1597, and flowering in May and June.

8. P. (L.) OBLIQUA Ait. The oblique-leaved Phillyrea. Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 12.; Don's Mill., 4. p. 46.

Synonymes. P. latifolia y Willd. Sp., 1. p. 43. ; P. foliácea Link Jahrb., 1. p. 54.; Phillyrea ii. Clus. Hist., p. 52.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, serrated, acute at both ends, veiny, bent obliquely. Leaves like those of Myrica. (Don's Mill., iii. p. 46.) A shrub, from 10 ft. to 12 ft. high, a native of the south of Europe. Introduced in 1579, and flowering in May and June.

9. P. (L.) SPINO'SA Mill. The spiny, or Holly-leaved, Phillyrea. Identification. Mill. Dict., No. 3.; Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 12.; Don's Mill., 4. p. 46. Synonymes. P. ilicifolia Willd. Enum., 1. p. 13., Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.; P. latifolia 8 spinosa Willd. Sp., 1. p. 43.; P. latifolia longifolia Link Jahrb., 1. p. 54.; Phillyrea i. Clus. Hist., p. 51. Engraving. Pluk. Phyt., t. 310. f. 4.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate-oblong, rounded at the base, acute, sharply and cuspidately serrated, glabrous, flat, veiny. (Don's Mill., iv. p. 46.) A shrub, from 10 ft. to 20 ft. high; a native of the south of Europe. It was introduced in 1597, and flowers in May and June.

GENUS III.

CHIONA'NTHUS L. THE SNOW-FLOWER, or FRINGE TREE. Lin. Syst. Diándria Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 21. Juss. Gen., 105.; Gærtn. Fruct., 1. t. 39.; Lam. Ill., t. 9. f. 2. ; Lindl. Nat. Syst. Bot., p. 308.; Don's Mill., 4. p. 50.

Synonymes. Chionanthe, Fr.; Schneeblume, Ger.

Derivation. From chion, snow, and anthos, a flower; in reference to the snow-white flowers of the species.

Gen. Char., &c. Calyx small, 4-parted, or 4-toothed. Corolla with a short

tube and a 4-parted limb; segments of the limb long and linear. Style hardly any. Stigma 2-lobed. Anthers almost sessile. Drupe baccate, containing a striated nut. Seeds albuminous. (Don's Mill., iv. p. 50.) -Deciduous trees or shrubs, having the branchlets compressed at top. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Racemes simple or compound, terminal or axillary. Flowers snow-white. This genus differs from O'lea, principally in the figure of the segments of the corolla, and in its leaves being deciduous. The only hardy species is a native of North America.

1. C. VIRGINICA L. The Virginian Snow-Flower, or Fringe Tree. Identification. Lin. Sp., p. 11.; Don's Mill., 4. p. 50.; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836. Synonymes. Snowdrop Tree, Amer.; Arbre de neige, Fr.; Schneeblume Ger. Engravings. Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 1204.; Du Ham. Arb., 1. p. 165. t. 63.; Catesb. Car., 1. t. 68; our fig 1029., to a scale of 2 in. to 1 ft.; and fig. 1030., which is a portrait of a plant in the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges, to a scale of 1 in. to 4 ft.

1030

Spec. Char., &c. Racemes terminal. Peduncles 3-flowered. Flowers pedicel-
late. Leaves lanceolate, glabrous, resembling those of a deciduous magnolia.
Drupe purplish. (Don's Mill., iv.
p. 50.) A tree from 10 ft. to 30 ft.
high, a native of North America. It
was introduced in 1796, and flowers
from May to July. It requires to be
1029

grown in moist soil, either sandy peat or sandy loam, and in a sheltered situation. It may be propagated by layers; but as seeds are easily imported from America, and as the plant does not root very

readily, that mode is not often adopted. It may also be propagated by
grafting on the common ash; and, if this were done standard high, it
would, from its large leaves, and the beauty and singular appearance of its
snow-white flowers, which look like fringe, form a splendid tree. The
leaves are often 1 ft. long, and nearly half as broad; but neither the
leaves nor the flowers will attain any degree of perfection, unless the soil
be kept moist. The largest plant that we know of, in the neighbourhood of
London, is at Syon, where, in 1835, it was upwards of 10 ft. high, with a
trunk 7 in. in diameter. The price of plants, in London, is 1s. 6d. each,
and of seeds ls. a packet; at New York, plants are 50 cents each.
Varieties.

C. v. 2 latifolia Catesb. Car., t. 69., Kern., t. 607., Ait. Kew., 1.
p. 23.; C. v. montàna Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 8.; has the
leaves oval-lanceolate, coriaceous, glabrous; panicles dense; drupes
oval. A native of Carolina. Introduced in 1736. There is a plant
of this variety in the Marylebone Nursery.

C. v. 3 angustifolia Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., vol. 1. p. 23.; C. trífida

Manch; has the leaves lanceolate and glabrous. There is a plant in the Horticultural Society's Garden.

C. v. 4 marítima Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., i. p. 8.; C. marítima Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836; is a native of North America, in boggy woods by the sea side; having the leaves obovate-lanceolate, membranous, and pubescent; the panicles very loose; and the drupes elliptic. There is a fine plant of this variety, as a stool, in the Marylebone Nursery. App. I. Half-hardy ligneous Species of Oleacea belonging to the Section Olèinæ.

1031

O'lea L, the olive, is an important genus in the south of Europe, and in the temperate parts of Asia and Africa, by the sea coast; and it promises also to be a valuable tree in Australia. There are a number of species; but none of them are of much value in rural economy, except the O. europæ'a. In Don's Miller, 26 species' are described, from which we shall select three, and some varieties, which are found to stand the open air, in the neighbourhood of London, against a south wall, with very little protection. We shall also give a selection of varieties suitable for introducing into Australia and other colonies.

O. europaea L.; O. Oleáster Hoffmansegg Ft. Port., 1. p. 387., Don's Mill., 4. p. 46. ; O. europæ'a communis Ait.; 0. sylvestris Mill. Dict., Blackw., t. 113.; is a native of Portugal, the south of France, Spain, and Italy; and is to the cultivated olive (0. e. sativa) what the crab is to the apple.

O. e. sativa, O. sativa Hoffmansegg; 0. europæ'a Micha. Arb., 2. t. 37.; and our fig. 1031.; the cultivated olive, is said to have been brought originally from Asia to France, Spain, and Italy; in which countries it has been cultivated almost from

業

1032

time immemorial. The subvariety O. e. s. longifolia (fig. 1032.) is that chiefly cultivated in France and Italy, and O. e. s. latifolia in Spain. The fruit of the latter is nearly twice the size of the common olive of Provence or Italy; but the oil is so rank in flavour as to be too strong for most English palates. The oil, and the fruit in a pickled state, are sent chiefly from Languedoc, Leghorn, and Naples, to England. The best oil is from Leghorn, and the best pickles are from Genoa and Marseilles. The tree seldom exceeds 30 ft. in height; is branchy, glaucous, evergreen, and of such great longevity, that some plantations in Italy, as at Terni (which we passed through in 1819, on our way to the Falls of Marmora), are supposed to have existed from the time of Pliny. The tree delights in schistous calcareous declivities, but does not thrive in elevated situations, or at a distance from the sea. The best oil is produced from fruits grown on calcareous soils. Olive oil may be said to form the cream and butter of Spain and Italy; and the tree has been celebrated in all ages as the bounteous gift of Heaven, and as the emblem of peace and plenty. Olive oil is made by crushing the fruit to a paste, then pressing it through a hempen or rush bag, adding hot water, and afterwards skimming off the oil from its surface. Pickled olives are prepared from unripe fruit, chiefly from the subvariety O. e. s. oblonga (Pignola, Ital.; Picholine, Fr.), by steeping them in alkaline water, and afterwards bottling them in salt and water, with or without some kind of spice, or aromatic. The olive is propagated, in some parts of Italy, by cuttings, and what are called uovoli (little eggs), and in other parts by seed. The uovoli are knots, swellings, or tumours in the wood, occasioned by the sap not returning freely to the root, but swelling through the bark of the stock, and thus forming excrescences containing embryo buds. They are separated from the trunk by introducing a sharp penknife between the trunk and the uovolo, and so detaching the latter. The mother plant suffers no injury from the operation. The uovoli are planted in the same manner as bulbs. When raised from seed, the fruit should be treated like haws; and, though some will come up in October if sown in spring, yet the greater number will not make their appearance till the following May. Seedling plants have the advantage of never throwing up suckers; and in Tuscany, where this mode of propagation is generally practised, it is said to produce invariably the largest and strongest trees. A variety of interesting information on the propagation of the olive, communicated by Signor Luigi Manetti of Monza, will be found in the Gardeners Magazine, vol. vii. p. 663., and vol. viii. p. 68.; and the fullest account of the tree and its uses, &c., hitherto published, in the Nouveau Du Hamel, vol. v. p. 65. to p. 124. In Britain, specimens of the olive may be found in various gardens in the neighbourhood of London, which have stood out for several years against a south wall without any protection. A tree in the garden of Camden House produced a crop of olives in 1790. Some in the Horticultural Society's Garden have stood out eight years against a wall; and one, of a very hardy variety, received from the Nikitka Garden, in the Crimea, has stood out some years as a standard, without being in the slightest degree injured, even by the severe winter of 1835-6. În Ireland, the olive survives the winters perfectly in the neighbourhood of Dublin, but never flowers. In Devonshire, in warm places, it passes the winter as a standard; and against a wall bears abundant crops of fruit. In general, the more hardy varieties of the common olive may be considered as equally hardy with the common varieties of the camellia.

The Subvarieties of the olive are very numerous. Those in most common cultivation in British gardens are, O. e. s. longifolia Ait., Bot. Cab., t. 456., and our fig. 1032.; O. e. s. ferruginea Ait., Royle Illust., t. 65. f. 1., and our fig. 1033., a native of the Cape of Good Hope, and, according to Royle, of the Himalayas, with the leaves rusty beneath; O. e. s. latifòlia Ait, O. hispánica Mill., Blackw., t..199., which, as has already been observed, is chiefly cultivated in Spain; O. e. s. obliquá Ait; and O. e. s. buxifolia Ait. Besides these, there are 13 garden varieties of the cultivated olive

described in Don's Miller, on the authority of Don Roxas Clemente y Rubio's edition of Herrera's Agricultura; and 32 in the Nouveau Du Hamel. All these subvarieties deserve trial in new colonies, where it is desired to introduce the culture of the olive; but, for those who cannot procure the whole of them, we give the following selection from Michaux's N. Amer. Syl., p. 192., as comprising those most esteemed in France :

1. Olivier pleureur (Olea craniomorpha N. Du Ham., v. p. 75. No. 14.) is one of the largest and finest trees. Its branches are numerous, and pendent, like those of the weeping willow. Its fruit is good for the table, and yields a pure and abundant oil. This tree should be placed in valleys rather than on elevated grounds, as it has more to apprehend from drought than from cold. There are individuals of this kind, in Languedoc, that have three times survived the general destruction of the common olives by frost.

2. Olivier à Fruit arrondi (O'lea sphærica N. Du Ham., v. p. 78. No. 26.) is also among the kinds least sensible to cold. It requires moisture, a good soil, and abundant manure. Its oil is of a superior quality. 3. Olivier de Lucques (O'lea minor lucénsis N. Du Ham., v. p. 72. No. 9.) is hardy, and yields a fruit proper for preserving.

4. and 5. Olivier à petit Fruit rond, N. Du Ham., v. p. 72. No. 2.; and Olivier de Salon, N. Du Ham., v. p. 76. No. 19.; are good for oil, and prefer dry and elevated grounds.

6. Olivier amygdalin (O'lea amygdalina N. Du Ham., v. p. 78. No. 25.) is much esteemed about Montpelier for its fine and abundant oil.

1033

This variety is not delicate in

7. Olive Picholine (Pignola, Ital.; O'lea oblonga N. Du Ham., v. p. 74. No. 12.) yields the kind of olives most celebrated for pickling. the choice of soil and climate.

O. excélsa Ait. is a native of Madeira, whence it was introduced in 1784. It has stood out in Ireland, for several years, without any protection whatever, in the nursery of Mr. Robertson of Kilkenny, who thinks it will ultimately prove a valuable addition to our hardy evergreens. (See Gard. Mag., vol. iii. p. 106.) In July, 1836, this tree measured 30 ft. in height, and the head 7 ft. in diameter. A second tree of the same species, Mr. Robertson informs us, has stood out equally well in an exposed situation; and neither has ever received any protection whatever.

O. americana L., Michx. Arb. Amer., 3. t. 6., and our fig. 1034., the devil-wood of the Americans, is a tree, a native of the southern states, as far north as Norfolk, in Virginia. It is sometimes found as high as 30 ft. or 35 ft.; but its ordinary height is 10 ft. or 12 ft. The leaves are 4 in. or 5 in. long, of a shining light green; and they remain on two or three years. The fertile and barren flowers, Michaux states, are on separate trees; though, according to Linnæus (Mant.), there are male and female flowers on the same plant with hermaphrodites. The flowers are very small, of a pale yellow, and strongly scented; appearing about the end of April. The fruit is round, about twice the size of the common pea; and, when ripe, of a purple colour, approaching to blue. It

ripens in October, and remains attached to the tree during a great part of the winter, forming a fine contrast to the foliage. This plant is considerably hardier than the common olive; and, in the climate of London, would probably stand the open air, in a sheltered situation,

as a standard. There is a very handsome flourishing plant against the wall, in the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges, which receives no protection whatever. O. fragrans Thunb., Bot. Mag., t. 1552., Bot. Cab., t. 1786., and our fig. 1035.f is a native of Japan and China, where it is much cultivated for the sake o, its sweet-scented flowers; which, it is said, are used for giving flavour to tea. The plant, though not very hardy, would probably stand against a conservative wall, with a little protection. The scent of this plant, Messrs. Loddiges observe, "is astonishing; and so diffusive, that we distinctly noticed it, when in bloom, on the back wall of our green-house, at considerably more than 100 yards' distance." (Bot. Cab., t. 1786.)

O. capensis L.; 0. buxitòlia Mill., Hort. Elth., 1. t. 160. f. 194., Bot. Reg., t. 613.; has coriaceous, oblong, dense, and rigid leaves. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, where it forms a tall tree; and, if grafted on the common privet, would doubtless stand against a conservative wall, with a little protection.

1035

Sect. II. SYRINGEE.
GENUS IV.

SYRINGA L. THE LILAC. Lin. Syst. Diándria Monogýnia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 22.; Gærtn. Fruct., 1. t. 49.; Lindl. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2., p. 308.; Don's Mill., 4. p. 51.

Synonymes. Lilac Tourn. Inst., t. 372., Juss. Gen., p. 105.; Lilas, Fr.; Flieder, Ger.

Derivation. From sirinx, the native name in Barbary. manufactured from the wood of this shrub; and also to which the name was originally given (see p. 951.). which was applied both to the Philadelphus and the Persian word for a flower.

Calyx small, 4-toothed.

The tubes of the finest Turkish pipes are from that of the Philadelphus coronàrius, Hence the old English name of Pipe Tree, Syringa. Lilac is from lilac, or lilag, the Gen. Char., &c. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a 4parted limb. Stamens 2, enclosed. Stigma trifid. Capsule ovate, compressed, 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded; valves navicular, with a narrow dissepiment in the middle. (Don's Mill., iv. p. 51.)—Deciduous shrubs, with simple leaves and thyrsoid terminal panicles of flowers, which are oppositely branched. Flowers purple or white. Natives of Europe and the colder parts of Asia; highly valued in the gardens of temperate climates for the beauty and fragrance of their flowers, and the profusion in which these are produced in the spring of the year. The natural mode of propagating is by suckers, which all the species produce in abundance; and they will all grow in any common soil. The price of plants, in the London nurseries, is from 6d. to ls. 6d. each; at Bollwyller, from 30 cents to 2 francs; and et New York, where all the sorts are quite hardy, from 25

cents to 50 cents.

1. S. VULGARIS L. The common Lilac.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 11.; Don's Mill., 4. p. 51.; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.

Synonymes. Lilac vulgàris Gærtn.; Pipe Privet, or Pipe Tree; Lilas commun, Fr.; gemeiner
Flieder, Ger.
Engravings. Lam. Ill., t. 7.; Schmidt Baum., t. 77. ; N. Du. Ham., t. 61.; Schkuhr Handb., 1. t. 2.;
and our fig. 1036.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate-cordate, acuminated. The common blue lilac, now so plentiful in every plantation, was a great rarity in the year 1597. (Don's Mill., iv. p. 51.) A shrub, from 8 ft. to 10 ft. high, a native of Persia, and of Hungary, of chalky precipices in the Cverna valley, and Mount Domoglet, as well as of the whole group of rocks along the Danube. In cultivation in Britain in 1597, and flowering in May.

Varieties.

S. v. 1 cærùlea Clus. Hist., i. p. 56., Ger. Emac., 1399. f. 2., Besl. Eyst., t. 1. f. 2., Park. Par., 407. t. 409. f. 4., Theatr., 1467. f. 1. The common blue Lilac.-There is a subvariety, with the leaves imperfectly variegated.

S. v. 2 violacea Curt. Bot. Mag., t. 183., Mill. Ic., t. 163.

The common purple Lilac; also called the Scotch Lilac, because it was first recorded in Sutherland's Catalogue of the Edinburgh Botanic Garden. * S. v. 3 álba. The common white Lilac.-This variety flowers earliest. S. v. 4 álba major Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836, has larger flowers than the previous variety.

S. v. 5 álba plèna, S. plèna Lodd. Cat., is said to have the flowers double; but the plant bearing this name in the Horticultural Society's Garden has single flowers.

S. v. 6 rùbra Lodd. Cat. has red flowers.

→S. v. 7 rùbra major Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836; the Lilas de Marly of the French gardeners; has flowers larger than the parent variety.

Other Varieties. A number of plants have been raised from seed by Mr. Williams of Pitmaston, of which there are six sorts, tolerably distinct, in the Horticultural Society's Garden. The French nurserymen are also in possession of some new seedlings; but none of all that we have observed are so well deserving of culture as the common blue, violet, red, and white. In the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges there is a plant marked S. chinensis, which appears to be S. vulgàris álba; and another, received from Soulange-Bodin, marked Charles X. (S. v. Cároli Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836), which appears to be a variety of S. v. purpùrea. Another, marked S. sibírica, appears to be S. v. purpùrea; but, these plants, except the first, being quite young, we have only seen them in leaf.

Description, &c. The common lilac grows to the height of 20 ft. and