already observed that the chestnut, in Britain, is chiefly planted on the margins of orchards, for the purpose of sheltering them. It is also occasionally planted in hedgerows; but, from the density of the head, the early appearance of the foliage, and its long continuance before it drops, the tree is injurious both to the hedge and to the grass below.

As an ornamental Tree, Sang observes that many chestnuts should not be planted near a residence; because "the flowers emit a very powerful and disagreeable odour, which is offensive to most people." Gilpin considers the chestnut, in maturity and perfection, as a noble tree, which "grows not unlike the oak. Its ramification is more straggling; but it is easy, and its foliage loose. This is the tree which graces the landscape of Salvator Rosa. In the mountains of Calabria, where Salvator painted, the chestnut flourished. There he studied it in all its forms, breaking and disposing it in a thousand beautiful shapes, as the exigences of his composition required. I have heard, indeed,” continues Gilpin, “that it is naturally brittle, and liable to be shattered by winds, which might be one reason of Salvator's attachment to it; but, although I have many times seen the chestnut, in England, old enough to be in a fruitbearing state, yet I have seldom seen it in a state of full picturesque maturity." (For. Scen.) Bosc says: "As an ornamental tree, the chestnut ought to be placed before the oak. Its beautiful leaves, which are never attacked by insects, and which hang on the trees till very late in autumn, mass better than those of the oak, and give more shade. An old chestnut, standing alone, produces a superb effect. A group of young chestnuts forms an excellent background to other trees; but a chestnut coppice is insupportably monotonous." (Nouv. Cours, &c., art. Châtaignier.) In British parks, the chestnut is displayed to most advantage when standing singly, or in scattered groups along with the oak; and the gradation in the foliage and manner of tufting formed by Q. sessiliflòra, between the chestnut and Q. pedunculata, forms a pleasing harmony, interesting both in a botanical and a picturesque point of view. In hilly grounds, the allusion which the chestnut creates to the Apennines affords a pleasing argument for planting it in such situations.

Soil and Situation. The chestnut, like the beech, prefers a deep sandy loam. It will not thrive in stiff tenacious soil; and, in a rich loam, its timber, and even its poles and hoops, are brittle, and good for nothing. In loamy soils at the bottom of mountains, as at Aloa, in Stirlingshire; in loam incumbent on clay, as at Brechin Castle, in Forfarshire; and in similar soils and situations; it attains a large size, and in so short a time, that, according to Sang, wherever the chestnut is planted in its proper soil and situation, it will outgrow any other tree in the same length of time, except, perhaps, the larch, the willow, and some of the poplars. According to Bosc, it will not thrive in calcareous soil; but clayey and sandy soils, and those lying over granite, gneiss, and schistus, and which are composed of the debris of these rocks, appear particularly suitable for it. It thrives well among rocks where there is apparently very little soil; insinuating itself among their fissures and chinks, and attaining a large size. "Wherever I have seen chestnut trees," observes the same author, "and I have seen them in a great many different localities, they were never in soils or on surfaces fit for the production of corn. On mountains in France, Switzerland, and Italy, the chestnut begins where the corn leaves off; and, in climates suitable for corn, the tree is only found on rocky and flinty soils." In Britain, the tree will not attain any height, unless in sheltered situations, and where the soil is free and of some depth; but in poor gravelly soil, where its roots will only run along the surface, it will attain a very considerable diameter of trunk, and be of great longevity, though its head may never be larger than that of a pollard. Of this, the chestnut trees in Greenwich Park and Kensington Gardens may be cited as proofs.

Propagation and Culture. The species is propagated by the nut, which may be treated exactly in the same manner as the acorn; and the varieties are perpetuated by grafting. The nuts, when they are to be sent to a distance, should, according to Parmentier, be gathered in bright sunshine, and exposed

to the full action of the sun's rays, on riddles, for seven or eight days. The effect of this will be to cause the fruit to shrink, and become somewhat furrowed; but it will retain its vital properties for planting, as well as its agreeable flavour as an article of food, for a much longer period than if it had not been dried. The nuts of the American chestnut are commonly sent over to the British seedsmen in dried moss; but those of Spain and France, sent over for the table, being generally smoked and kilndried, are seldom found to vegetate. Du Hamel directs the nuts intended to produce young plants to be germinated in sand, and the point of the radicle to be pinched off before planting; because by these means the nuts are kept out of the ground till late in the spring, and are in less danger of being eaten by vermin than if they were sown earlier. Boutcher proves the seeds by throwing them into a tub of water, preserving those which sink in dry sand till the beginning of March. He then sows them in drills 1 ft. 2 in. apart, and the nuts 6 in. asunder in the drill, covering them with soil to the depth of 3 in. Sang gives a covering of only 2 in. The nursery culture of Boutcher consists in taking up the plants at the end of the first season, and replanting them in lines at 2 ft. 6 in. asunder, and at 1 ft. distance in the line. Here they remain two years; after which, he again removes them (shortening the taproots which they will have formed) into lines 4 ft. asunder, and 2 ft. distant in the line, where they are to continue 3 years; after which they may be transplanted to where they are finally to remain. The grafting of the chestnut, according to Du Hamel, is most successful when performed in the flute manner. Knight (Hort. Trans., vol. i. p. 62.) found the chestnut succeed readily when grafted in almost any of the usual ways; and, when the scions are taken from bearing branches, the young trees afford blossoms the succeeding year. It has been said that the tree is propagated by grafting in some of the Devonshire nurseries; but we have ascertained that this is not the case either in the Exeter Nursery, or in any of the nurseries in the Isle of Jersey, where, as already observed, the chestnut is much esteemed for its fruit. In pruning the chestnut as a fruit tree, it must be borne in mind that the blossoms appear on the young wood of the current year, which is produced at the extremity of the preceding year's shoots; and hence the necessity of keeping the head open, in order to give a greater surface for the annual production of young wood. In France, the chestnut is very apt to produce those large shoots of one season, called gourmandes, which are easily known on the chestnut, as on all other trees, by their vigour, and by their proceeding from the trunk or the principal branches, and never from the smaller branches. The usual remedy for this over-luxuriance in the tree is to shorten or remove these branches; but Mr. D. Beaton, in the Gardener's Magazine, vol. xiii. p. 203., has suggested a better mode; viz. allowing the gourmandes to exhaust themselves, and thus carry off the superflous vigour of the tree, only cutting out all the buds which they form; in consequence of which, the following year, the shoot becomes so weak as to admit of its being cut out without incurring the risk of forcing the tree to throw out other shoots of the same kind. Chestnut trees, whether grown for fruit or timber, at a certain stage of their growth, Bosc says, when they are from 200 to 300 years old, begin to decay at top; their branches dying back, and the leaves and fruit produced being much smaller than before. When this is the case, the whole of the branches forming the head are cut in to within 2 ft. or 3 ft. of the trunk, which invigorates the tree for a considerable period, and occasions it to produce remarkably large fruit. After this, when the trunk of the tree has become hollow, and there is danger of its being blown down by storms, it is pollarded, and in that state it forms a fine globular head, and continues to produce fruit and faggot-wood for many years.

Felling the Chestnut. As timber, the chestnut can hardly be allowed to stand with safety for more than 50 or 60 years; and, even at that age, on tolerably good and somewhat moist soil, it will be found shaky within, and fit only for fuel. A more profitable time, probably, for felling it would be when

the trunk averaged from 9 in. to 1 ft. in diameter, and then to use it as gateposts, or posts for supporting shed roofs. As coppice-wood, the common period at which it is felled is about every 16 years; though in some places, as about Maidstone, in Kent, the poles are cut every 12 years, and even every 10 years. For hoops, they may be cut every 4 or 5 years.

Accidents, Diseases, &c. The timber of the chestnut being brittle, and the branches spreading obliquely from the trunk, it is much more liable to be injured by storms than either the beech or the oak. The wood is also subject to become shaky, and cup-shaky in the interior (see p. 1992.); and to that peculiar disease, already mentioned (p. 1991.), which the French call dialling. The decay of the heart wood is also technically considered a disease named caries; and Chaptal informs us that, when he was travelling in different parts of France, and particularly in Cevennes, in the department of Allier, he observed a great number of chestnut trees with their trunks quite hollow, and charred over the whole of their interior surface. The inhabitants of the country explained to him that this operation was necessary to check the progress of the caries, or decay, which would otherwise speedily consume the entire tree. Hence, when they observe the disease beginning to spread, they cut the whole of the rotten wood out of the trunk, and then collect heath and other combustible plants, which, when thoroughly dry, they burn in the hollow of the tree, till the whole surface of the interior is completely charred. This is found effectually to stop the progress of the disease; and the operation is performed so dexterously, that it is very rare to find a tree destroyed by it. (Bulletin des Sciences, an 7, as quoted in N. Du Ham., tom. iii. p. 79.) The leaves are liable to be attacked by few or no insects; and it is said that the wood never becomes worm-eaten. The nuts, however, in some seasons, are attacked by a kind of weevil, the Pyrale Pflugione of Fab. (see Mém. de Réaum., tom. ii. pl. 11. No. 19.), which is in its imago state when the chestnut trees are in flower. To prevent it from depositing its eggs in the incipient fruit, the inhabitants of Cevennes, where it is most common, make fires to attract and burn the insect. When the germ of the fruit has been pierced, the nut never attains its full size, but drops off before it is half ripe. Sometimes these weevils are found in the perfectly ripe fruit; and care must be taken, in selecting chestnuts for seed, to observe whether they have been pierced on the side. We have twice had chestnuts sent to us for seed from the celebrated tree at Vermont, planted by the hands of Washington; but in both cases they had been pierced by some insect, and never vegetated.

Statistics. Recorded Trees. The Tortworth Chestnut has been already mentioned. Lord Ducie, the proprietor of the estate on which it stands, had a portrait taken of it, from which an etching was made in 1772; and under it is the following inscription:-"The east view of the ancient chestnut tree at Tortworth, in the county of Gloucester, which measures 19 yards in circumference, and is mentioned by Sir Robert Atkins, in his History of that county, as a famous tree in King John's time; and by Mr. Evelyn, in his Sylva, to have been so remarkable for its magnitude in the reign of King Stephen (1135), as then to be called the Great Chestnut of Tortworth; from which it may reasonably be presumed to have been standing before the Conquest (1066)." (Mart. Mill.) At the time this etching was made, it appears that the tree was barely included within the garden wall, which bore hard upon it; but this wall has since been removed, and a top dressing of fresh soil applied to the roots, which seems to have invigorated the tree. The native soil in which it grows is a soft clay, somewhat loamy; and the situation is on the north-west side of a hill. Sir Robert Atkins is of opinion that it was originally several trees; and Marshall thinks that it is two trees grown together. In 1791, Mr. Lysons found it 44 ft. 4 in. round in the thickest part; which is considerably less than the dimensions given by Sir Robert Atkins, who makes it 19 yards (57 ft); or by Bradley, who makes it 51 ft. at 6 ft. above the ground. An engraving of this tree by Strutt will be found in his Sylva Britannica, of which our fig. 1924. in p. 1988. is a copy, reduced to the scale of 1 in. to 12 ft. Its present measurement, at 5 ft. from the ground, Mr. Strutt observes, writing in 1820, is 52 ft.; which shows an increase of 2 ft. since 1766, when, at the same height, it measured only 50 ft. "The body is 10 ft. in height to the fork, where it divides into three limbs; one of which, at the period already mentioned, measured 28 ft. 6 in. in girt, at the distance of 50 ft. from the main trunk. The solid contents of the tree, according to the customary method of measuring timber, are 1965 ft.; but its true geometrical contents must be much more. Young trees have been raised from the nuts which it bore about 3 years ago." (Sylv. Brit., p. 85.) Lord Ducie informs us, in a letter dated 1836, that the tree is still much in the same state as it was when drawn by Mr. Strutt; and the Rev. W. T. Bree, who saw it in the September of that year, characterises it as "a fine and most interesting relic. I wish. he continues, "that Strutt had given us a figure of the whole tree, instead of the lower part only for, though the perfect head is but a modicum, or perhaps no part at all, of the original head, it yet makes a beautiful object altogether." In the park at Cobham, in Kent, is a chestnut, called the Four Sisters, figured by Strutt; the remains, as he states, "of a most magnificent tree. (See our fig. 1925. in p. 1989.) Its trunk is 35 ft. 2 in in circumference at the ground, avoiding the spurs; 29 ft. at 3 A. from the ground, 33 ft. at 12 ft. from the ground, and 40 ft. at the point where

the trunk divides. A number of tender shoots spring out annually from its topmost branches, and still give it, by the brightness of their foliage, an appearance of freshness altogether unex. pected in such a ruin." Not far from this tree, in the same park, is the Fallen Chestnut, also figured by Strutt. Gilpin mentions some fine chestnuts on the banks of the river Tamar, in Cornwall, at an old house belonging to the Edgecumbe family; and also 70 or 80 trees at Beechworth Castle, in Surrey, with trunks measuring from 12 ft. to 18 ft., and even 20 ft., in girt. One of these trees was measured by Mitchell, and found to be 18 ft. in circumference, and 90 ft. high. At Winley, near Hitchin Priory, in Hertfordshire, a chestnut, in 1789, girted upwards of 14 yards (42 ft.) at 5 ft. from the ground: its trunk was hollow, and in part open; but its vegetation was vigo. rous. At Great Canford, in Dorsetshire, there were four large chestnut trees in the time of Grose; one of which measured 37 ft. round, and bore fruit plentifully, though the tree was much shivered and decayed by age. In Martyn's Miller it is stated, on the authority of Ord's MS., that the stem of an old chestnut near Fraiting, in Essex, yielded 30 loads of logs; and another is mentioned in Gloucestershire, which contained within its hollow trunk "a pretty wainscoted room, enlightened with windows, and furnished with seats." In Greenwich Park there are some large and old chestnut trees; one of which, in 1795, measured 17 ft. 6 in. in girt. At Shelford Lodge, Hampstead, in the same year, a chestnut measured 15 ft. in girt at 5 ft. from the ground-In Scotland, a number of large chestnut trees are mentioned by Dr. Walker, Mr. Sang, and Sir T. D. Lauder. The latter observes, that the chestnut is found near all the old aristocratical residences in Scotland. He mentions a magnificent group of these trees at Winton, in East Lothian; and has given a figure of one at Riccarton, in the county of Edinburgh, the trunk of which measures 27 ft. in circumference, and the head covers a space 77 ft. in diameter. "A Spanish chestnut at Preston Hall measures, at i ft. from the ground, 18 ft. in girt; and at 10ft., 19ft." A chestnut at Kinfauns Castle, in Perthshire, which was cut down in 1760, had a trunk which measured 22 ft. 8 in. in circumference; and, though it was hollow, all the branches had leaves and fruit upon them the year it was cut down. It was supposed to be above 200 years old. The great chestnut that stood at Finhaven, in Forfarshire, was long accounted the largest tree of the kind in Scotland. We have given some account of it in our General History, p. 90. At Levenside, in Dumbartonshire, a chestnut of surprising bulk was thrown down by a hurricane, January 13th, 1739. Sang has given the dimensions of 17 large chestnuts, the smallest of which measured 8 ft. 6 in. in circumference at 4 ft. from the ground, with a trunk $6 ft. in length, and stands at Leslie House, in Fife; and the largest, which was blown down about the end of the last century, had a trunk which measured 17 ft. in circumference, and was 22 ft. in height. This chestnut, along with several other very large ones at the same place, is supposed to have been upwards of 300 years old.—In Ireland, there have been many fine chestnuts in different parts of the country. An avenue at Duganston, cut down in 1793, contained trees which measured from 14 ft. to 16 ft. 6 in. in circumference, with trunks, some of them 24 ft., and others 36 ft. in length. At Cranmore, near Belfast, is a very large chestnut tree, already mentioned, p. 112. At Bellione, trees planted 27 years had trunks 5 ft., and one 7 ft., in circumference at 1 ft. from the ground, and could have afforded planks 16 ft. long, and 12in. broad. They grew in a strong loam on a limestone rock." (Hayes's Treat., p. 162.)-In France, near Sancerre, M. Bosc saw a chestnut 32 ft. 6 in. in circumference at 6 ft. from the ground, which, 600 years before, was called the Great Chestnut of Sancerre. It was supposed to be 1000 years old, notwithstanding which its trunk looked perfectly healthy on its exterior; and it bore every year an immense quantity of fruit. Near Bode, where there are still some very large chestnut trees, there was one which fell in 1807, and which produced 18 cords of wood of 144 French cubic feet, 2500 poles 8 French feet long each, 90 stakes, and 300 faggots. At Plessis, near Bécherel, there is a chestnut, the trunk of which measured above 30 ft. in circumference at about 4 ft. from the ground; but its roots, which rise up out of the earth, would give it a much greater extent if it were measured at the surface. The English prisoners of war, who were confined at Bécherel, frequently visited this tree; and, from their report, few English travellers pass any where near it without turning out of their road to see the celebrated chestnut of Plessis. (Bosc.) Near Paris, at La Celle, Dr. Neill mentions, in his Horticultural Tour, an ancient plantation of marroniers, or cultivated chestnuts. Most of them, he says, are grafted trees; and, in some instances, the graft had greatly overgrown the stock. One aged tree measured, at the place of grafting, no less than 22 ft. 6 in. in circumference; while, immediately below the graft, the stock was only 15 ft. 6 in in circumference. In the Forest of St. Germain en Laye, the deputation, of which Dr. Neill is the organ, found chestnuts (châtaigniers, not marroniers,) scattered up and down as single trees, and in small separate plantations. They were frequently of great age and large dimensions; the bole sometimes measuring 13 ft., 14 ft., and 15 ft. in circumference, and being sometimes quite hollow, though the head was vigorous. (p. 365.) In Tuscany, the chestnut trees of Valombrosa are celebrated for their size, the abundance of their leaves, and the deepness of the shade which they produce. (See p. 1987) The expression, "Thick as the leaves of Valombrosa," has, indeed, almost passed into a proverb. (See Lauder's Gilpin, vol. i. p. 101.) In Sicily, the chestnuts of Mount Etna have been already men tioned. The dimensions of the 3 largest (Castagno di Cento Cavalli, Castagno di Santa Agata, and Castagno della Nave) have been already given (p. 1987).

Existing Trees of Castanea vésca. The oldest trees in the immediate neighbourhood of Lon. don are in Greenwich Park and Kensington Gardens; but they are, for the most part, hollow trunks, with pollard-like heads. At Muswell Hill is the old chestnut figured in our last Volume, which is 66 ft. high; at Mount Grove, Hampstead, it is 57 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 3 ft. 6 in., and of the head 44ft; near Richmond, in the grounds of the Countess of Shaftesbury, it is 60 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 11 ft. 6 in., and of the head 60 ft.-South of London. In Devonshire, at Bicton, it is 28 ft. 6 in. high, diameter of the trunk 7 ft.; at Killerton, 34 years planted, it is 56 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 6 in., and of the head 57 ft.; at Endsleigh Cottage, 22 years planted, it is 50 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 5 in., and of the head 14 ft. In Dorsetshire, at Melbury Park, 100 years old, it is 66 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 9 ft., and of the head 60 ft.; at Compton House, 60 years planted, it is 60 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 3 ft. 4 in. In Hampshire, at Strathfieldsaye, it is 98 ft. high, with a trunk 4 ft. in diameter. In Kent, at Cobham Hall, 10 years planted, it is 30 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 9 in. (for the old trees at Cobham, see p. 1999.); at Walder. share is a fine old tree (fig. 1926.), 91 ft. high, with a trunk 24 ft. 10 in. in circumference at 1 ft. from the ground, and 15 ft. 10 in. at the height of 28 ft. The trunk is 51 ft. high before it divides into branches, and the diameter of the head is 65 ft. It grows in a sheltered situation, in loam on gravel. In Somersetshire, at Nettlecombe, 120 years old, it is 60 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 6ft., and of the head 72 ft. 6 in. In Surrey, at Betchworth Castle, are some remarkably large chestnut trees. One measured for us in May, 1837, was 80 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk, at 1 ft. from the ground, 8 ft., and of the head 222 ft. The timber contained in this tree was estimated at 14 loads 25ft. Another tree at the same place was 65 ft. high, the trunk 6 ft. 6 in. in diameter, and was estimated to contain 13 loads 8 ft. of timber. At Farnham Castle are some remarkably fine old chestnuts: one is 76 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 7 ft. 6 in., and of the head 60 ft.; and another 65 ft, high, diameter of the trunk 7 ft., and of the head 60 ft. In Sussex, at Cowdray, there is a magnificent avenue,

upwards of a mile long, consisting of 300 chestnut trees, which average 48 ft. in height, with trunks about 6 ft. in diameter. In Wiltshire, at Wardour Castle, 40 years planted, it is 50 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 4 ft., and of the head 36 ft.-North of London. In Berkshire, at Bearwood, 16 years planted, it is 35 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 9 in., and of the head 18 ft. In Denbighshire, at Kinmel Park, it is 40 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 6 ft., and of the head 36 ft. In Gloucestershire, at Chipping Campden, it is 77 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 6 ft. 10 in.; at Norton House, it is 96 ft. high, with a trunk 8 ft. in circumference. In Herefordshire, at Croft Castle, are some very remarkable chestnuts; one of which is 80 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 8 ft. 6in., and of the head 112 ft.! This is probably the largest chestnut in England. There is another chestnut at Croft Castle, which is 78 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 8 ft., and of the head 81 ft., and others of nearly equal dimensions. At Stoke Edith Park, in the same county, is a chestnut 60 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 5 ft. In Hertfordshire, at Cheshunt, the sweet chestnut, only 6 years planted, is 16 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 10 ft. In Leicestershire, at Belvoir Castle, 21 years planted, it is 40 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 1 ft., and of the head 13 ft.; at Doddington Park, 70 years planted, it is 77 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 7 ft. 6 in., and of the head 43 ft. In Nottinghamshire, at Thoresby Park, is a very remarkable tree, 100 years old, and 70 ft. high, with a trunk only 11 ft. in circumference at the ground, but with a clear upright bole, perfectly free from branches, to the height of 50 ft. In Oxfordshire, at Tew Park, 16 years planted, it is 44 ft. high. In Staffordshire, at Teddesley Park, 14 years planted, it is 30 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 9 in., and of the head 14 ft. In Suffolk, at Shrubland Park, it is 66 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 11 ft. 4 in., and of the head 66 ft. In Yorkshire, at Grimston, 11 years planted, it is 45 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 7 in., and that of the head 18 ft.

1926

Castanea vésca in Scotland. Near Edinburgh, at Gosford House, 30 years planted, it is 20 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 4 ft. 4 in., with a widely spreading head; at Newbattle Abbey it is 60 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 7 ft., and that of the head 70 ft.; at Barnton House, 90 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 4 ft., and that of the head 48 ft.; at Hopetoun House, 100 years planted, it is 75 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 4 ft. 4in., and that of the head 50 ft.; at Moredun, it is 70 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 5 ft., and of the head 58 ft.-South of Edinburgh. In Ayrshire, at Doonholm, 70 years planted, it is 55 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 3 ft., and of the head 32 ft.; at Blair, 100 years old, it is 70 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 5 ft., and that of the head 22 ft.; at Auchincruive, 120 years old, it is 60 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 5 ft. In the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, at St. Mary's Isle, it is 48 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 5 ft., and of the head 60 ft. In Haddingtonshire, at Tynningham, it is 49 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 4 ft. 8 in., and that of the head 60 ft. In Renfrewshire, at Erskine House, it is 60 ft. h gh, the diameter of the trunk 3ft. 2 in.; at Bothwell Castle, it is 68 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 5 ft., and that of the head 60 ft.-North of Edinburgh. In Banffshire, at Gordon Castle, it is 64 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 8 in., and that of the head 40 ft. In the Isle of Bute, it is 60 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 4 ft., and that of the head 70 ft.; at Cullen House, 80 years old, it is 51 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft. 4 in., and of the head 56 ft. In Cromarty, at Castle Send, 200 years old, it is 90 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 8 ft. 6 in. and that of the head 180 ft. by far the largest chestnut tree in Scotland. In Forfarshire, at Co,urtachy Castle, 102 years old, it is 45 ft. high, the diameter of trunk 3 ft., and of the head 48 ft. In Perthshire, at Kinfauns Castle, it is 68 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 5 ft. 6 in. and of the head 45 ft. This tree has a clear stem of 30 ft.; and is one of the chestnuts mentioned by Dr. Walker in an early statistical account of Scotland. At Taymouth, 80 years planted, it is 50 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 5 ft. 6 in., and of the head 50 ft.; at Lawers, it is 71 ft. high, and the diameter of the trunk 4 ft. 6 in. In Ross-shire, at Brahan Castle, it is 55 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2ft. 6 in., and that of the head 50 ft.; at Castle Head, it is 18 ft. in circumference. In Stirlingshire, at Airthrey Castle, it is 70 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 4 ft., and that of the head 39 ft.; at Bannockburn Wood, 120 years old, it is 76 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 6 ft., and of the head 70 ft. ; and at Sauchie, 90 years old, it is 93 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 4 ft., and of the head 60 ft.

Castanea vésca in Ireland. In the environs of Dublin, in the Glasnevin Botanic Garden, $5 years planted, it is 35 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 6 in., and that of the head 30 ft.-South of Dublin. In the county of Cork, at Castle Freke, it is 44 ft. high. In King's County, at Charleville Forest, 45 years planted, it is 85 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 8 in., and of the head 30 ft. In Kilkenny, at Borris, it is 53 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 6ft., and that of the head 70 ft. North of Dublin. In Down, at Ballyleady, 60 years planted, it is $8 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 4 in., and of the head 51 ft. In Fermanagh, at Florence Court, 45 years planted, it is 50 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 7 ft., and of the head 20 ft.; another, 160 years old, is 83 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 4 ft., with a clear bole 28 ft. high. In Sligo, at Mackree Castle, it is 50 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft. 6 in., and that of the head 41 ft.; in Tyrone, at Baron's Court, 40 years planted, it is 35 ft. high, the circumference of the trunk 6 ft. 9 in., and the diameter of the head 30 ft.

In

Castanea vésca in Foreign Countries. In France, near Nantes, it is 100 years old, and 80 ft. high; at Colombe, near Metz, 60 years old, it is 39 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and that of the head 50 ft.; in the Botanic Garden at Avranches, 22 years planted, it is 40 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 3 in., and that of the head 29 ft. In Hanover, in the Göttingen Botanic Garden, 20 years planted, it is from 20 ft. to 25 ft. high. In Cassel, at Wilhelmshoe, 40 years planted, it is only 16 ft. high, with a trunk 1 ft. in diameter. In Austria, at Vienna, in the University Botanic Garden, 36 years old, it is 24 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft., and of the head 20 ft. Bavaria, at Munich, in the English Garden, 30 years old, it is 20 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 4 in., and of the head 8ft. In Prussia, in Berlin, at Sans Souci, 45 years old, it is 40 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 9 in., and of the head 7 ft. In Sweden, at Lund, in the Botanic Garden, it is 30 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 6 in., and that of the space covered by the branches 36 ft. In Italy, in Lombardy, at Monza, 50 years old, it is 84 ft. high, the circumference of the trunk 7 ft. 6 in., and the diameter of the head 45 ft.