species, which stand on the margin of a pond, and were planted as cuttings there in 1808, and measured for us in 1836. The height of these trees was respectively 60 ft., 63 ft., 60 ft., 70 ft., and 71 ft.; and they contained in the trunk 17 ft., 20 ft., 16 ft., 42 ft., and 22 ft., and, with the addition of the branches and bark, 55 ft., 85 ft., 40 ft., 101 ft., and 60 ft. It thus appears that the largest tree had increased in its trunk at the average yearly rate of exactly 1 cubic foot, and, in the trunk and head taken together, at the rate of more that 34 cubic feet; which increase accords in a very satisfactory manner with that above recorded by Mr. Gorrie.

Pontey calculates that an acre of land worth 3/. 10s. annually for rent and taxes, if planted with the Huntingdon willow in sets cut from shoots of two years' growth, and 10 in. or 12 in. in length, would, in 7 years, be worth 671. 10s. per acre; thus affording a clear profit of 391. a year. (Prof. Plant, 4th ed., p. 72.)

Sir J. E. Smith, in speaking of this willow, says that the bark is thick, full of cracks, good for tanning, and for the cure of agues, though inferior in quality to that of S. Russelliana, "the true Bedford, or Huntingdon, willow." We are certain that in Scotland, and, we think, frequently in England, the term "Huntingdon willow" is applied to S. álba.

Salix álba is one of the few willows which Gilpin thinks "beautiful, and fit to appear in the decoration of any rural scene. It has a small narrow leaf, with a pleasant light sea-green tint, which mixes agreeably with foliage of a deeper hue." In ornamental plantations, care should be taken never to plant this species of willow with trees which are not of equally rapid growth with itself; for, with the exception of poplars, no tree so soon destroys the character of young plantations of hard-wooded trees, such as pines, oaks, beeches, &c. Perhaps one of the best situations, in point of ornament, is on the banks of a broad river or lake, ample room being allowed for the head to expand on every side; but, when the object is to produce clean straight timber, the tree requires to be drawn up in masses. It is observed by Sang, that, if "the Huntingdon willow were not so very common, and so frequently met with in low or mean scenery, it might, perhaps, be reckoned more ornamental than many of the other kinds. They certainly are very elegant plants when young, and in middle age; and, if not picturesque when grown old, yet there is something very striking in their hoary and reverend appearance." (Plant. Kal.)

In

1316

Statistics-Recorded Trees. Mitchell speaks of a Huntingdon willow, near the Lodge of Milton House, Northamptonshire, 70 ft. high, with a head 60 ft. in diameter, and the stem 13 ft. in circum. ference. There is a holt of this willow, he says, in Cheshire, between the river Weaver and the Manchester canal, the trees in which are 70 ft. high. In Farey's Derbyshire Report, it it stated, that a tree of Salix álba, felled at Wilksworth, produced 156 ft. of timber, which sold at 2s. 6d. per foot. Salix álba in England. Near London, at Ham House, Essex, it is 79 ft. high, with a trunk 2 ft. 3 in. in diameter; on the Common of Turnham Green, the tree of which a portrait is given our last Volume was 65 ft. high, but it was blown down in the hurricane of the 29th of November, 1836. Devonshire, at Killerton, it is 65 ft. high, with a trunk 2ft. 10 in. in diameter. In Gloucestershire, at Doddington, 46 years planted, it is 60 ft. high; the diameter of the trunk 24 ft., and of the head 50 ft. In Cheshire, at Eaton Hall, 17 years planted, it is 50 ft. high. In Denbighshire, at Llanbede Hall, 45 years planted, it is 57ft. high. In Oxfordshire, near Oxford, or the banks of the Cherwell, it is 60 ft. high; the diameter of the trunk 4 ft., and of the head 60 ft. In Pembrokeshire, at Stackpole Court, 50 years planted, it is 60 ft. high. In Rutlandshire, at Belvoir Castle, 26 years planted, it is 50 ft. high. In Suffolk, at Bury St. Edmunds, near the site of the ancient church, a tree of this species, in 1835, was 75 ft. high; the circumference of the trunk 18 ft. 6 in., and that of the two principal limbs 15 ft. and 12 ft. respectively; the circum ference of the space covered by the branches was 204 ft., and the cubic contents of the tree were 440 ft. of solid timber. The above dimensions were taken from Mr. Strutt's Sylva, who has given an engraving of the tree, from which fig. 1316. is reduced to the scale of 1 in. to 50 ft.

This tree began to decay in 1835; and in November, 1836, as we are informed by Mr. Turner, three fourths of it were dead; so that it now presents a splendid ruin. In Yorkshire, at Hornby Castle, it is 70 ft, high, the diameter of the trunk 4 ft., and of the head 80 ft.

Saliz alba in Scotland. Near Edinburgh, at Hopetoun House, it is 70 ft. high; diameter of trunk 4 ft. 9 in,; and of the head 65 ft. In Haddingtonshire, at Tyningham, it is 36 ft. high; the diameter

of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 99 ft. In Lanarkshire, in the Glasgow Botanic Garden, 16 years planted, it is 55 ft. high. In Banffshire, at Gordon Castle, it is 56 ft. high. Perth Nursery, 8 years planted, it is 22 ft. high. In Perthshire, in the

Salix álba in Ireland. In Kilkenny, at Woodstock, 65 years planted, it is 70 ft. high; the dia. meter of the trunk 34 ft., and of the head 65 ft. In Sligo, at Makree Castle, it is 65 ft. high; the diameter of the trunk 5 ft. and of the head 60 ft

Salix alba in Foreign Countries. In France, at Nantes, in the nursery of M. De Nerrières, 30 years planted, it is 33 ft. high. In Bavaria, at Munich, in the Botanic Garden, 84 years planted, it is 50 ft. high.

† 27. S. VITELLI'NA L. The yolk-of-egg-coloured, or yellow, Willow,

or Golden Osier.

Identification. Lin. Sp. Pl., 1442.; Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 668.; Host Sal. Aust., 1. p. 9. t. 30, 31.; Hoff Sal., 1. p. 57. t. 11, 12. and 24. f. 1. (Smith); Smith Eug. Bot., t. 1389.; Eng. Fl., 4. p. 182. Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 20.; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3., p. 423.; Mackay Fl. Hibern., pt. 1. p. 248. Synonyme. S. álba Koch Comm., p. 16.

The Seres. Both sexes are figured in Eng. Bot., Sul. Wob., and Host Sal. Aust.

Engravings. Hoffm. Sal., t. 11, 12. and 24. f. 1.; Host Sal. Aust., t. 30, 31.; Eng. Bot., t. 1389.; Sal. Wob., No. 20. ; fig. 20. in p. 1606.; and the plate of this tree in our last Volume. Spec. Char., &c. Leaves lanceolate, acute, with cartilaginous serratures; glabrous above; glaucous, and somewhat silky beneath. Stipules minute, lanceolate, deciduous, smooth. Ovary sessile, ovate-lanceolate, smooth. Bracteas linear-lanceolate, acute, fringed at the base, longer than the pistil. (Smith Eng. Fl., iv. p. 182.) S. vitellina, strangely referred to S. álba as a variety by the great Haller, differs from S. álba obviously in its longer, more taper catkins; lanceolate, pointed bracteas; glabrous filaments; and glabrous adult leaves, and, perhaps, in other marks. (Smith, incidentally in Eng. Fl., under S. álba.) "Hoffmann observes that the inner layer of the bark in S. vitellina is yellow, while that of S. álba is green; but I have great doubts of the constancy of this character." (Smith, under S. vitellina.) A native of Britain, in hedges; and cultivated in osier grounds, in many places; and readily distinguished from all the other sorts, by the bright yellow colour of its branches. It has been introduced from Europe into North America, where, according to Mr. Pursh, it is common by road sides and in plantations." (Smith in his Eng. Fl.) It is much cultivated for basketwork, tying, &c., and also as an ornamental shrub or tree. The rods, being tough and flexible, Sir J. E. Smith says, are "fit for many purposes of basketwork, as well as for package.' As an ornamental tree, Sàlix vitellina is very striking in the winter season, especially among evergreens, As a shrub, it is not less so, both among evergreen shrubs and deciduous kinds, having the bark of conspicuous colours. In the English garden at Munich, extensive masses of this willow are placed in contrast with masses of the white-barked honeysuckle (Lonicera Xylósteum), the red-barked dogwood (Córnus álba), and the brown-barked spiræa (S. opulifòlia). The outlines of the masses at Munich are lumpish and formal, and the one mass is by no means blended with the other as it ought to be; but still the effect, in the winter season, is very striking, and well deserves imitation by the landscape-gardeners of this country. The tree of this species in the Horticultural Society's Garden, which is a male, and a very handsome tree, was 30 ft. high in 1835, after having been only ten or twelve years planted. Both male and female plants are in the Hackney arboretum and at Woburn Abbey.

Variety. Smith, in his Eng. Fl., under S. rùbra, and Koch in his Comm., p. 16., have cited a variety or variation of S. vitellìna, with reddish branchlets.

Statistics. In Hertfordshire, at Cheshunt, in the arboretum of William Harrison, Esq., on the banks of a stream, 7 years planted, it is 33 ft. high. In Ireland, in Galway, at Coole, it is 54 ft. high; the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 57 ft. In Bavaria, in the Munich Botanic Garden, 84 years planted, it is 50 ft. high. In Austria, at Vienna, in the University Botanic Garden, 30 years planted, it is 40 ft. high; the diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 6 in., and of the head 28 ft: at Brück on the Leytha, 30 years planted, it is 30 ft. high.

App. i. Alba described, but which, probably, have not been introduced into Britain.

S. excélsior Host Sal. Aust., t. 28, 29.

Group vii. Nigra.

Extra-European Kinds allied to the Kinds of one or all of the three preceding Groups.

Of the willows of Europe Koch has (Comm.) associated the kinds of Mr Borrer's groups Pentándræ, Frágiles, and A ́lbæ into one group, which he has named Frágiles; and he has pointed out and described, as extraEuropean kinds belonging to it, S. occidentalis Bosc, S. nigra Mühl., S. babylonica L., S. octándra Sieber, and S. Humboldtiana Willd. Mr. Borrer has included S. babylónica L. in his group Frágiles. The rest are here collected in a group by themselves, to which is added S. ligústrina Michx. jun., from the notice by Mr. Forbes, and also by Michaux, that it is similar to S. nigra.

28. S. NIGRA Mühlenb.

The black, or dark-branched American, Willow.

Identification. Mühlenb. in Nov. Act. Soc. Nat. Scrut. Berol., 4. p. 237. t. 4. f. 5.; Sims and König's Ann. of Bot., 2. 65.; Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 657.; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. p. 78.; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 614.; Smith in Rees's Cyclo., No. 11.; Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 152.; Koch Comm., p. 17., note.

Synonymes. S. caroliniàna Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 226.; S. pentandra Walt. Fl. Car., 243.; S. vulgaris Clayt. Fl. Virg.

The Sexes. Both sexes are noticed in the specific character. Willdenow had seen the male alive, and both sexes in a dried state.

Engravings. Nov. Act. Soc. Nat. Scrut. Berol., 4. t. 4. f. 5.; Ann. of Bot., 2. t. 5. f. 5.; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 125. f. 1., without flowers; Sal. Wob., No. 152., the leaf; and fig. 152. in p. 1630. Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrated, green on both sides, glabrous, except a downy rib and footstalk. Catkins accompanying the leaves, villous. Stamens about 5, bearded at the base. Ovary stalked, ovate-lanceolate, glabrous. Stigmas divided, the length of the style. (Sal. Wob., p. 280.) Catkin upon a seeming penduncle, which is a leafy twiglet. Stalk of the capsules 3-4 times as long as the gland. Stigmas ovate, emarginate. (Koch Comm., p. 17., note) Branches of a dark purple colour. Disk of leaf 2 in. or more long. (Willd.) A tree, 20 ft. high, with smooth branches, brittle at the base; a native of North America, from Pennsylvania to Virginia, on the banks of rivers. Introduced in 1811, and flowering in May. Mr. Forbes observes that S. figústrina of Michaux differs principally from S. nigra in its larger stipules, which resemble, as well as the leaves, those of S. triandra. (Sal. Wob., p. 28.) There are plants in the Hackney and Goldworth arboretums, and at Woburn Abbey.

29. S. HUMBOLDTIA NA Willd.

Humboldt's Willow.

Identification. Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 657.; Smith in Rees's Cyclo., No. 8.; Humb. et Bonp. Nov. Gen. et Sp. Pl., 2. p. 176.; Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 8.; Koch Comm., p. 18., note; Lodd. Cat.,

ed. 1836.

The Sexes. Both sexes are figured in Sal. Wob., copied from Humb. et Bonp. Nov. Gen, et Sp. Pl. Koch has noticed(Comm., p. 18., note) that in specimens which he had seen there were andro gynous catkins mixed with catkins of female flowers.

Engravings. Humb. et Bonp. Nov. Gen. et. Sp. Pl., t. 99. and 100.; Sal. Wob., No. 8.; and fig. 8. in p. 1604.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves, linear, acuminated, finely serrated, smooth. Catkins appearing late, after the expansion of the leaves. Flowers polyandrous. Ovary stalked and glabrous. (Willd. Sp. Pl., iv. p. 657.) Branches brown, shining, erect, flexible. (Sal. Wob., p. 115.) A native of Peru, and cultivated in various places in South America. It was introduced in 1823; but, being somewhat tender, it had not, in 1829 (the date of the Salictum Woburnense), produced its flowers in England. Mr. Forbes finds, at Woburn, that it requires the protection of a green-house; but, in the Horticultural Society's Garden, it stood out against a wall for 6 years; and, though it was killed in the spring of 1836, Mr. Gordon is of opinion that it was not altogether owing to its tenderness. There are plants in the collection of Messrs. Loddiges.

? 30. S. BONPLANDIANA Humb. et Bonpl. Bonpland's Willow. Identification. Humb, et Bonpl. Nov. Gen. et Sp. Pl., 2. p. 20.; Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 9. The Sexes. Both sexes are figured in Sal. Wob., copied from Humb, et Bonp. Nov. Gen. et Sp. Pl. A plant in the Woburn collection had not flowered in 1829.

Engravings. Humb. et Bonpl. Nov. Gen. et Sp. Pl., t. 101, 102.; Sal. Wob., t. 9.; and fig. 9. in p. 1604.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrow at the point, denticulate, glabrous, glaucous beneath. Catkins appearing after the expansion of the foliage. Stamens from 6. to 8. Ovary stalked, smooth. (Sal. Wob., p. 17.) Stem erect, with round, smooth, even branches. A native of Mexico, introduced previously to 1829 into the Woburn salictum, where it has not yet flowered.

App. i. Nigra described, but not yet introduced.

S. ligistrina Michx. N. Amer. Sylva, 3. p. 80. t. 125. f. 2.; Sal. Wob., p. 288. A tree, a native of North America, about 25 ft. high, which at first sight resembles S. nigra; but its leaves are longer, narrower, and have heart-shaped stipules at their base.

S. occidentalis Bosc, on the authority of Koch (Comm., p. 16.), is a native of the Island of Cuba. S. octándra Sieb., on the authority of Koch (Comm., p. 17.). Stamens 6-10. Stipules obliquely ovate, acute. Wild in Egypt. Sieber deems it akin to S. tetraspérma Roxb. ; but Koch, who had seen a dried specimen, thinks them different.

Group viii. Prinöides Borrer.

Shrubs, mostly Natives of North America, and used in Basket-making.

Kinds all, or all but S. confórmis Forbes, natives of North America. The kinds which Mr. Borrer has placed in this group are S. rígida Mühl., S. prinöides Pursh, and S. conformis Forbes. To these S. discolor Willd. and S. angustàta Pursh have been added, from their resemblance to S. prinöides.

31. S. RIGIDA Mühlenb. The stiff-leaved Willow.

Identification. Mühlenb. in Nov. Act. Soc. Nat. Scrut. Berol., 4. p. 237.; Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 667.;
Mühlenb. in Sims and Kön. Ann. of Bot., 2. 64. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 615.; Smith in Rees's
Cyclo., No. 31.; Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 141.

Synonymes. S. cordata Micha. Fl. Bor.- Amer., 2. p. 225.; S. cordifolia Herb. Banks MSS.
The Sexes. The female is noticed in the specific character.

Engravings. Nov. Act. Soc. Nat. Scrut. Berol., 4. t. 6. f. 4.; Ann. of Bot., t. 5. f. 4.; Sal. Wob.,
No. 141., a leaf; and fig. 141. in p. 1630.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, rigid, smooth, sharply serrated; the two lowest serratures elongated. Footstalks hairy. Stipules dilated, rounded, having glandular serratures. Catkins accompanying the leaves. Stamens to a flower mostly 3. Bracteas woolly. Ovary lanceolate, gla. brous, on a long stalk. Style the length of the divided stigmas. (Pursh.) A native of North America, from New England to Virginia, in swamps and hedges. The branches are green, red towards the end, and the younger ones pubescent. It is very tough, and is much used in America by basket-makers. (Pursh.) Introduced in 1811, and flowering in April and May.

32. S. PRINÖI'DES Pursh. The Prinos-like Willow.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 613.; Smith in Rees's Cycl., No. 26.; Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 40.; Koch Comm., p. 46. note*.

The Sexes. The female is figured in Sal. Wob.

Engravings. Sal. Wob., No. 40.; our fig. 1317. ; and fig. 40. in p. 1612. Spec. Char., &c. Leaves oval-oblong, acute, with distant wavy serratures; glabrous above, glaucous beneath. Stipules half-heart-shaped, deeply toothed. Catkins villous, protruded before the leaves. Ovary stalked, ovate, pointed, silky. Style elongated. Stigmas cloven. (Pursh.) A native of North America, on the banks of rivers, from Pennsylvania to Virginia, where it forms a middle-sized tree, resembling S. discolor; flowering in March and April. It was introduced in 1811. In the Horticultural Society's Garden, and in the salictum at Woburn Abbey, it has only attained the height of 6 ft. or 8 ft. There are plants of it at Henfield.

33. S. DI'SCOLOR Mühlenb. The two-coloured Willow.

Identification. Mühlenb. in Nov. Act. Soc. Nat. Scrut. Berol., 4. p. 254. t. 6. f. 1.; Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 665.; Mühlenb. in Sims and König's Ann. of Bot., v. 2. 62. t. 5. f. 1.; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 613.; Smith in Recs's Cyclo., No. 25.; Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 147. p. 279.

The Sexes. Both sexes are noticed in the specific character.

Engravings. Nov. Act. Soc. Nat. Scrut. Berol., 4. t. 6. f. 1.; Ann. of Bot., 2. t. 5. f. 1.; Sal. Wob., No. 147., a leaf; and our fig. 147. in p. 1630.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, bluntly serrated, glaucous beneath. Catkins

protruded before the leaves. Bracteas short, rounded, hairy. Ovary awl-shaped, silky, on a stalk thrice the length of the bractea. (Smith in Rees's Cyclo.) A native of North America, and common in low grounds and on the banks of rivers, from New England to Carolina. It is striking in its appearance, from the dark brown of its branches; and from its flowers, the filaments of which are white, and the anthers first red, becoming yellow when they burst. According to Pursh, this kind is the one most commonly used in America by the basket-makers. (Fl. Amer. Sept., vol. ii. p. 613.) Introduced in 1811; but we have not seen the plant.

34. S. ANGUSTA TA Pursh. The narrowed, or tapered-leaved, Willow. Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 613.; Smith in Rees's Cyclo., No. 27. The Sexes. The female is noticed in the specific character.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves lanceolate, acute, very long, gradually tapering to the base, finely serrated, glabrous, scarcely paler on the under surface. Stipules half-heart-shaped. Catkins protruded before the leaves, upright, rather glabrous. Ovary ovate, glabrous, stalked. Style divided. Stigmas 2-lobed. A native of North America, and found in shady woods on the banks of rivers, in the states of New York and Pennsylvania; flowering in March and April. It has very long leaves, and resembles S. prinötdes. (Id.) Introduced into England in 1811.

35. S. CONFORMIS Forbes.

Identification. Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 24.

The uniform-leaved Willow.

The Sexes. The female only is described and figured in Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Sal. Wob., No. 24.; and fig. 24. in p. 1607.

Spec. Char., &c. Stem erect. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, tapering towards the base, dull green; glabrous and shining above, glabrous and glaucous beneath. Stipules ovate, or half-heart-shaped, serrated. Catkins from 2 in. to nearly 3 in. long. Ovary ovate, subulate, silky. Style about as long as the deeply parted stigmas. (Sal. Wob., p. 47.) Supposed to be a native of North America. It is one of the earliest-flowering of the species; the catkins of the female plant appearing in February or March. Mr. Forbes has not seen the barren catkins; but the plant, he says, is easily distinguished by its long handsome leaves, its upright mode of growth, and its long tough branches. The last property, Mr. Forbes observes, appears to render it well adapted for basketwork.

Group ix. Griseæ Borrer.

Chiefly Shrubs, Natives of North America.

Most of the kinds are natives of North America. S. Mühlenbergiana Willd., S. cordata Muhlenb., S. falcata Pursh and S. trístis Ait. are additions to the kinds which Mr. Borrer has placed in this group. With regard to S. refléxa Forbes, S. virgata? Forbes, and S. Lyònü ? Schl., included in it by Mr. Borrer, he remarks, "I am unacquainted with these, and have, perhaps, placed them in the wrong group."

36. S. VIRE'SCENS Forbes. The greenish-leaved Willow, or verdant Osier. Identification. Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 7.

Synonyme. Mr. Forbes received the kind from Messrs. Loddiges, under the name S. hippophaefolia, but has substituted the specific name of viréscens, as being one more descriptive of the plant. The Sezes. The female is described and figured in Sal, Wob.

Engravings. Sal. Wob., No. 7.; our fig. 1318.; and fig. 7. in p. 1604.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrated, acute, smooth, green on both sides. Ovary ovate-lanceolate, scarcely downy. Style divided. Stigmas parted. Stipules none. (Sal. Wob., p. 13.) A native of Switzerland, and sent by Messrs. Loddiges to the Woburn salictum, where it flowers in April. This is an upright shrub, about 8 ft. high, with slender, brown, smooth branches; the young twigs yellowish, and somewhat furrowed; and the catkins long and slender, and appearing with the leaves. In foliage and branches, it bears a strong affinity to S. rùbra Smith: but "the catkins, &c.," are very different; much resembling those of S. undulata Forbes. S. viréscens is of dwarfer stature than either S. rùbra or S. undulata. There are plants at Woburn Abbey,

1318