ramify at the height of 8 ft., 10 ft., or 12 ft.; and their limbs, springing at the same point, cross each other, and rise with a uniform inclination, so as to form on the summit a sheaf-like head, of regular proportions and admirable beauty." (Ibid.) The white elm is a native of North America, from Nova Scotia to Georgia, a distance of 1200 miles; but it is found in the greatest perfection in Lower Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, the north-eastern section of the United States, and Genessee in the state of New York. The white elm delights in low humid situations; soils such as, in the northern states, are called interval lands. In the middle states, it grows in similar situations, and on the border of swamps. West of the mountains, it abounds in all the fertile bottoms watered by the great rivers that swell the Ohio and the Mississippi, particularly on the brink of the rivers, where its base is inundated at the rising of the waters in the spring. The wood is used for the same purposes as the European elm, but it is decidedly inferior in strength and hardness; it has also less compactness, and splits more readily. The bark is said to be easily detached during eight months of the year. Soaked in water, and rendered supple by pounding, it is separated into shreds, or ribands, which are used, in the northern states, for weaving into seats for common chairs, as rushes are in England. (Michaux.) This tree was introduced into England in 1752, by Mr. James Gordon; though, as Martyn observes, no notice is taken of it, or of any other American elm, in the edition of Miller's Dictionary which was published sixteen years afterwards. The three varieties have doubtless existed in the arboretum at Kew, and, probably, in the grounds at Syon; but they are not now to be found in either of these collections. The only plants which we have seen are those in the Horticultural Society's Garden; where there are several from 15 ft. to 30 ft. in height. They bear a general resemblance to U. montana, both in their naked and clothed state; but they are readily distinguished from that species by the roughness of their bark. The leaves, also, are more pointed, longer in proportion to their breadth, have longer footstalks, and are of a finer green. They so closely resemble other trees, marked, in the Horticultural Society's Garden, U. hispánica, as scarcely, if at all, to be distinguishable from them. Michaux sent seeds of this elm to France in 1807, from which several thousand plants were raised; and of which, according to the Nouveau Du Hamel, there are very fine specimens at Trianon, where they are distinguished from all other elms by the superior beauty of their leaves. Cobbett informs us that he imported a quantity of elm seed from the borders of Lake Ontario, which was gathered from a tree that had a clear straight stem 70 ft. high, before it began to ramify; but that these seeds, from having been put together before they were thoroughly dried, had fermented on the passage, and not one ever came up. (Woodlands, &c., p. 241. and 242.) In the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, there is a tree which, in 1828, was 25 ft. 6 in. high, with a trunk 7 in. in diameter. Price of plants, in the London nurseries, 1s, each; and the weeping variety is 50 cents. † 10. U. (A.) FU'LVA Michx. The tawny-budded, or slippery, Elm. Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 172.; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 200.; Spreng. Syst. Veg, 1. p. 931.; Rees's Cyclop., No. 10.; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836. Synonymes. U. rùbra Micha. Arb., 3. p. 278., and a fig., North Amer. Sylva, 3. p. 89. t. 128.; Orme gras, French of Canada and Upper Louisiana; red Elm, red-wooded Elm, Moose Elm. Engravings. Michx. North Amer. Sylva, 3. t. 128.; and our fig. 1247. Spec. Char., &c. Resembles the Dutch elm. Branches rough, whitish. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, nearly equal at the base, more or less cordate there; serrate with unequal teeth, rugose, very rough, hairy on both surfaces: they are larger, thicker, and rougher than those of U. americàna. Leaf buds tomentose, with a tawny dense tomentum: they are larger and rounder than those of U. americàna. Scales of the buds that include the flowers downy. Peduncles of flowers short. Samara not fringed, very like that of U. campestris; orbicular, or, according to the figure in Michaux's North American Sylva, obovate. (Michx., Pursh.) Leaves variable in shape and serratures, but more downy than the other North Ame Ꮞ Ꮓ rican elms. Stamens 5-7. Stigmas purplish. Samara, when young, downy on both sides. This tree has been introduced, but when is not stated in British catalogues. 1217 Description, &c. The red, or slippery, elm, according to Michaux, bears a strong resemblance to the Dutch elm. It forms a tree from 50 ft. to 60 ft. high, and 15 in. or 20 in. in diameter. In the winter, Michaux observes, "it is distinguished from the white American elm by its buds, which are larger and rounder; and which, a fortnight before their developement, are covered with a russet down." The flowers are produced in tufts at the extremity of the young shoots. The scales which surround the bunches of flowers are downy, like the buds. The calyx is downy and sessile; the stamens short, and of a pale rose colour. The seeds are large, destitute of fringe, round, and very similar to those of the European elm; and they ripen very early. The bark is brown; and the leaves are oval-acuminate, doubly denticulated, and larger, thicker, and rougher than those of U. americana. Except the maritime districts of the Carolinas and Georgia, this species of elm is found in all parts of the United States and of Canada." (Michaux.) "It is less abundant than the white American elm; and the two species are rarely found together, as the red elm requires a substantial soil, free from moisture, and even delights in elevated and open situations, such as the banks of steep rivers, particularly the Hudson and the Susquehanna. The heart-wood is coarsergrained and less compact than that of U. americàna, and is of a dull red tinge; whence the name of red elm. Even in the branches of 1 in. or 2 in. in diameter, it consists principally of perfect wood. It is the best wood in the United States for blocks; and it makes excellent rails, which are of long duration, and formed with little labour, as the trunk may be easily and regularly split; and this is probably the reason that it is never employed for the naves of wheels. The leaves, and bark of the branches, macerated in water, yield a thick and abundant mucilage (whence the name of slippery elm), which is used as a refreshing drink for colds, and for emollient plasters, in the place of the marsh mallow root, which does not grow in the United States. (Michx.) There are small plants bearing the name of U. fúlva, in Loddiges's arboretum ; but they are scarcely, if at all, distinguishable from U. americàna. 11. U. ALATA Michx. The Wahoo, or cork-winged, Elm. Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 173.; Arb., 3. p. 275.; Michx. North Amer. Sylva, 3. p. 87. t. 127.; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 200.; Spreng. Syst. Veg., I. p. 931.; Rees's Cycl., No. 11. Synonymes. U. pùmila Walt. Fl. Carol., 111.; Wahoo, Indians of North America. Spec. Char., &c. A middle-sized tree, with leaves like those of the hornbeam (Carpinus Bétulus L.). Branches bearing two longitudinal corky wings. Leaves with short petioles, and disks that are oblong-oval, narrowed to an acute point, almost equal at the base, toothed. Samara downy, bearing a dense fringe of hairs at the edge: it is smaller than that of U. americàna, by the figure in Michaux's North American Sylva, narrowed to both ends, and having an open niche at the upper one. (Michx. N. A. S., Pursh Fl. A. S.) A tree, 30 ft. high. Introduced in 1820. Description, &c. The wahoo elm is a tree seldom exceeding 30 ft. in height, with a diameter of 9 in. or 10 in. The flowers do not differ materially from those of the other elms. The seeds are fringed, and much smaller than those of the white American elm. The leaves are oval, doubly denticulated, and rather small. The most remarkable part of the tree is, however, a fungous appendage, two or three lines wide, attached to the branches throughout their whole length; from which the name of alàta (winged) has been given to the species. The wahoo elm is found only in the lower part of Virginia, in the maritime districts of the Carolinas and Georgia, in West Tennessee, and in some parts of Kentucky. It is generally found on the banks of rivers, and in the great swamps enclosed in the pine barrens. The wood is fine-grained, more compact, heavier, and stronger than that of U. americana. The heart-wood is of a dull chocolate colour, and always bears a great proportion to the sap-wood. At Charleston, and some other parts of the southern states, it is used for the naves of coach wheels; but Michaux says that it is not appropriated to any other use. There are small plants in Messrs. Loddiges's collection, which, from the leaves, might be taken for those of U. (c.) suberòsa; and the engraving in Michaux, from which fig. 1248. is reduced to our usual scale, closely resembles the young shoots and leaves of that tree of U. (c.) suberòsa in the Horticultural Society's Garden, of which a plate is given in our last Volume. App. i. Doubtful Sorts of U'lmus. This genus, as observed by Professor Lindley (Synops., p. 227.), is in such a state of confusion, that it is impossible to determine what plants are meant by various names extant in botanical works. U. pubescens Walt. and U. fruticosa Willd. are of this description. In p. 174., U. integrifolia and U. virgata are mentioned as Himalayan species, probably hardy or half-hardy. In Royle's Illust., p. 339., U. lancifolia, U. erdsa, which resembles U. effusa, U. lavigata, and U. virgata, are mentioned as natives of the Himalayas and other parts of India, and some of them of China. A plant named U. canadensis, in the Horticultural Society's Garden, has a smooth bark, like U. montana, and appears to be nothing more than that species. The Wormley Grange, or Byford, elm, and the black elm of Ireland, are said by Dr. Lindley to be probably other species to add to the British flora. Sir J. E. Smith considers the Hertfordshire elm as U. montana; but Dr. Lindley says that it "is probably a variety of U. campéstris" Notwithstanding the utmost attention that we have been able to give to this subject, and the communication of specimens from all parts of the country, we have by no means been able to draw up this article in a manner perfectly satisfactory to ourselves. Specimens, except in cases where they have been gathered from trees by ourselves, and, therefore, serve to remind us of the general appearance and habit of the tree whence they have been taken, we have found in this, as in many other cases, to be of comparatively little use. The genus, as Dr. Lindley has observed, must be studied during a period of several years, from living plants. An ulmarium, though it would not exhibit so much grandeur as a pinetum, so much beauty as an ericetum, nor so much blossom in early spring as a salictum, would be incomparably more useful; provided proper space were allowed to admit of every tree attaining its natural size and shape, and that, after ten or twelve years, a specimen of every tree were cut down, and the wood examined. GENUS II. PLA'NERA Gmel. THE PLANERA. Lin. Syst. Polygàmia Mona'cia; or Tetr-Pent-ándria Digýnia. Identification. Gmel. Syst. Nat., 2. p. ?150.; Michx. North Amer. Sylva, 3. p. 100.; N. Du Ham., 7. p. 65.; Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 106.; Lindley Nat. Syst. of Bot., p. 179. Synonymes, Rhamnus Pall., Güldenst.; Ulmus, various authors, as to the Plánera Richárdi. Derivation. Named in honour of Planer, professor of botany at Erfurth, who published, in 1788, a work entitled Index Plantarum Agri Erfordiensis, in one volume 8vo. Description. Deciduous trees and shrubs, natives of Western Asia, and North America; quite hardy in British gardens, and readily propagated by grafting on the elm, or by layers, in any common soil. 1. P. RICHA'RDI Michx. Richard's Planera, or Zelkoua Tree. Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 248.; Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. Suppl., 1. p. 187.; Rom. et Schult. Syst. Veg., 6. p. 304.; Desf. Hist, des Arbres et Arbriss., 2. p. 446. Synonymes. P. crenata Michx. Mém. sur le Zelkoua; P. carpinifolia Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 106. ; P. crenata Desf.; Rhamnus carpinifolius Pall. Fl. Ross.; R. ulmöldes Güldenst. It., 1. p. 313. and 427.; Ulmus crenata Hort. Par., U. parvifolia Willd. Baum.; U. campestris Walt. Fl. Carol, p. iii.; U. polygama Richard Act. Paris, 1781; U. nemoràlis Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., p. 108.; U foliis crenatis basi æqualibus, fructu ovoideo, non compresso, Poiret Encyc. Méth., iv. p. 611.; le Zelkoua, or Orme de Sibérie, Fr.; Richard's Planere, Ger. Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. t. 60.; Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 106.; our fig. 1249.; and the plates of the tree in our last Volume. Spec. Char., &c. Flowers solitary in the axils of leaves; and both flowers and leaves borne on a shoot that is developed in the same year with themselves. Petiole of leaf not obvious; disk of leaf elliptical, unequal at the base, dentate. Indigenous to the west of Asia, and upon the shores of the Caspian Sea; and to Imiretta and Georgia, on the south of Mount Caucasus. (N. Du Ham.) Introduced in 1760; flowering in April or May; and growing to the height of from 50 ft. to 70 ft. 1249 Description, &c. The zelkoua, in its native country, according to Michaux, is a tree of the largest size, growing to the height of from 75 ft. to 80 ft., with a trunk of the diameter of about 4 ft. The trunk is straight and upright, often attaining the height of 25 ft. or 30 ft. before it throws out a single branch. The base of the trunk is not enlarged, like that of most other trees, its thickness being very little greater at the surface of the ground than it is at the point of ramification. Like that of the hornbeam, it is marked with longitudinal furrows, like open gutters. The head is large, tufted, and very much branched; but the branches, though widely extended, are more slender, and more vertical in their direction, than is generally the case with forest trees. The bark of the trunk is not grey and cracked, like that of the elm or the oak, but resembles rather that of the hornbeam or beech. As is the case with those trees, the surface of the bark of the zelkoua is smooth, and its texture is firm and compact; but it has this remarkable difference, that, when the tree becomes about 8 in. in diameter, it scales off in large thin pieces. The flowers are small, of a greenish brown, and smell like those of the elder; and they are disposed in groups along the shoots of the current year. The fruit is not larger than a pea; and the seeds, which are contained in little gibbous capsules, having two cells, are about the size of a grain of hemp-seed. In Imiretta (a pastoral district lying between Georgia and the shores of the Black Sea), where the zelkoua is found in the greatest abundance, the seeds ripen in the month of October; but in France they always drop off before they have completed their maturity. This is the more remarkable, from the tree having been introduced into France above seventy years ago, and there being at Versailles a tree above fifty years old, in a most vigorous state of growth, which has resisted the most severe frosts. The foliage strongly resembles that of the elm in its general appearance. The leaves are borne on very short petioles, and are generally from 1 in. to 3 in. long. They are alternate, and equally dentated, or rather crenulated; differing, in this respect, from those of every kind of elm known; the leaves of the elm always having every large indentation accompanied by a smaller one. The leaves of the zelkoua are, also, of a much firmer and drier texture than those of the elm; and, it is said, are not, like those of the latter tree, liable to the attacks of insects. When the first tree of this species planted in France was cut down, in 1820, it was found to be 70 ft. in height, and its trunk to be 7 ft. in circumference at 5 ft. from the ground. The bole of the trunk was 20 ft. in length, and of nearly uniform thickness; and the proportion of heart-wood to the sap-wood was about three quarters of its diameter. This tree was about fifty years old, but was still in a growing state, and in vigorous health. (See Michaux's Mémoire sur le Zelkoua, Paris, 1831.) Descemet, in his Tableau Historique des Progrès de la Culture des Arbres à Odessa, &c., describes this species as a "lofty and beautiful tree, a native of Mingrelia and Caucasus, which is distinguished by its shining green, broadly crenulated leaves, and its smooth and greenish trunk." (p. 60.) In British gardens, the rate of growth of this tree is similar to that of the beech or common hornbeam; it attaining the height of 20 ft. in 10 years. Geography, History, &c. The zelkoua is a native of the country lying between the Black and the Caspian Seas, between lat. 35° and 47°, particularly of Imiretta and Mingrelia; of the north of Persia, and of Georgia. It was first described by Pallas, in his Flora Rossica (published in 1784), under the name of Rhamnus carpinifolius. In 1782, the elder Michaux undertook "a journey into Persia, under the auspices of Monsieur (afterwards Louis XVIII.), in order to make botanical researches. Having left Ispahan, in order to explore the province of Ghilan, he found this tree in the forests which he traversed before arriving at Recht, a town situated on the Caspian Sea. In this town he had opportunities of remarking the use made of the wood, and of judging how highly it was appreciated by the inhabitants." (Michx. sur le Zelkova, p. 3.) The first tree introduced into Europe appears to have been planted by M. Lemonnier, professor of botany in the Jardin des Plantes, &c., (see p. 140.) in his garden at Montreuil, near Versailles. This garden was destroyed in 1820; and the dimensions of the tree, when it was cut down, will be found in p. 1410. The oldest tree now existing in France is in the Jardin des Plantes, where, in 1831, it was about 60 ft. high. It was planted in 1786 (when a sucker of four years old), about the same time as the lime trees which form the grand avenue called the Allée de Buffon. There is, however, a much larger zelkoua on an estate of M. le Comte de Dijon, an enthusiastic planter of exotic trees, at Podenas, near Nérac, in the department of the Lot et Garonne. This fine tree was planted in 1789; and, on the 20th of January, 1831, it measured nearly 80 ft. high, and the trunk was nearly 3 ft. in diameter at 3 ft. from the ground. A drawing of this tree, made by the count in the autumn of that year, has been kindly lent to us by M. Michaux; from which fig. 1250. is an engraving, to a scale of 1 in. to 12 ft. There are several other trees of the zelkoua, at Podenas, nearly as large; and some elms planted thirty years before the zelkouas, and measured at the same time, were only a few inches more in size. In England, the zelkoua appears to have been planted at Kew, and at Syon, probably about the year 1760, when it was first introduced. A tree in the former garden is upwards of 50 ft. high; and, in the latter, the tree of this species figured in our last Volume was, in 1835, when the drawing was made, upwards of 54 ft. high. Properties and Uses. Both the sap-wood and the heart-wood of the zelkoua are used as timber. The sap-wood is white, and very elastic, resembling, in many respects, the wood of the ash. The heart-wood, which comprises at least two thirds of the whole, is reddish, and sometimes of a russet brown. This wood, when cut obliquely, resembles that of the robinia, and presents, like it, numerous interlacements of fibres. It is very heavy, and, when dry, becomes so extremely hard, that it is difficult to drive nails into it with a hammer. In the countries where it is abundant, it is employed for the same purposes as oak; and it is found to be even superior to that wood for furniture. Its colour is agreeable; it is finely veined; and its texture is so compact, and its grain so fine, as to render it susceptible of the highest polish. It has, also, the great advantage of never becoming wormeaten, however old it may be. It is remarkably durable as posts, to stand either in water or in the earth. (Michx. Mém. sur le Zelkova, p. 9. 17.) Propagation and Culture, &c. The zelkoua is generally propagated by grafting on the common elm; but we are told by M. Michaux that M. le Chevalier Gauba, the French consul at Teflis, who is the proprietor of large forests in Imiretta, has had a great quantity of seeds collected, and sent to France, from which young plants have been raised. When grafted, M. Michaux observes that the operation should be performed as near the collar of the stock as possible; when, if the stocks are in a deep fresh soil, the grafts will push shoots of from 6 ft. to 9 ft. long the first season. Statistics. In the environs of London, the largest tree is at Syon, where, in 1834, it was 54 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 3in., and of the head 34 ft.; at Kew, it is upwards of 50 ft. high, in the Horticultural Society's Garden, 10 years planted, it is 20 ft. high. (See the plate of this tree in our last Volume.) In Rutlandshire, at Belvoir Castle, 4 years planted, it is 10 ft. high. In France, in the Jardin des Plantes, 55 years planted, it is 58 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 21 in., and of the head 30 ft.; at Scéaux, 30 years planted, it is 50 ft. high; in the Botanic Garden at Rouen, it is, |