alike. For about one-quarter of the employees and their families in Massachusetts to be left practically unprotected from evils consequent upon occupational injuries is unsatisfactory as a permanent condition. The reason for making such laws elective in form, as has been done in most of the States which have adopted them, is to avoid possible constitutional objections. The elective method makes a needlessly complicated and cumbersome legal and administrative enforcement of the act."

One of the most interesting results accomplished is the elimination of litigation in States under the compensation acts, in that not more than ten cases out of 10,000 have been carried into the courts, and then only on questions of law. In one large industrial center it is claimed that one-third of the jury trials of the courts have been eliminated in this way.

The laws have played no little part in the prevention of accidents by calling attention to the subject and exciting interest in safety devices and educational work. They have also established a better feeling between employer and employee and have lead to co-operation between them for the prevention of accidents and mutual advantage.

In this connection the only serious objection urged is to State Monopoly of Insurance, but this should not be regarded as an objection to the compensation idea, for generally those objecting take occasion to approve the compensation laws. Fortunately State Monopoly of Insurance does not exist in many States, for it is not possible to point to a single success of this kind of insurance in any other country, and it is probable that the experiment will be abandoned by the few States after a brief time. A word in conclusion as to the situation in Virginia: At the last session of the General Assembly of Virginia a bill providing for Workmen's Compensation was introduced and a public hearing was had. While there were earnest advocates of the proposed measure, it was apparent from the opposition that came from over the State, that this great subject had not been given that consideration by our people, which must of necessity precede legislative changes so radical in their nature and so extensive in their application.

From the general discussion it was obvious that there had not

been in this State, with respect to this subject, that agitation, which should be a precursor of a departure from long established legal doctrines.

There is no need of the appointment of a Commission to collect data on this subject, because all the information required for the purpose of drafting such a law can be obtained from reports of Commissions of other States, but a Commission would be most valuable for educational purposes.

The Establishment of Justice

Address Before the Virginia Bar Association, Delivered At Its Meeting at Hot Springs, Virginia, August 6th, 1914, by SAMUEL J. GRAHAM,

the Assistant Attorney-General of the United States.

The purpose of the creation of the Department of Justice, as I view it, was the establishment of justice in the land, so far as the dealings of the Government of the United States with its people are concerned. It is a noble purpose, and worthy of the highest aims and aspirations of the founders of our Government, of our profession, and of those connected with the Department. The word "justice" is usually tripped off our tongues in a rather thoughtless and uncomprehending way. Man is unjust, but God is just, and finally justice must triumph. It is exempt from violence; and fraud to it is an object of contempt. Fraud dwells in the fox, and force in the lion, but justice expels both from the human heart. It is the shield of innocence and the guard of truth. We have it from reason and from Heaven. It is of the soul, other things dwell but in the blood. It is the origin of all virtues, and compels us to give to every one his due. In its broadest sense it comprehends the practice of every virtue which reason prescribes and society should expect. Our duty to our country, to each other, and to ourselves is answered if we give to them what we owe them. Properly speaking, it is the only virtue; all the rest have their origin in it. It discards party, friendship, and kindred. If it is not the rudder of all other virtues, the faster we sail the further we will find ourselves from where we should be. It should be impartial, and from it there should be no escape; like the dews from Heaven, it should cover all alike. It should be passionless, and, therefore, sure; like lightning, which appears to a few men ruin, and to all men fear. It should be cultivated, venerated, and inculcated. Our children should be taught to know and understand and love it; to "be just and fear not"; and to "let all the ends they aim at be their country's, their God's, and truth's."

a of the Department of Justice, arent of istice in the land, so fa Serebeat of the United States with it i noble purpose, and worthy of the of the founders of our Governmen »se copy erted with the Departinent. My trippe Hoff our tongues in a rather meer ding way. Men is unjust, ba stuce must triumph. It is exempt fros feat is an obicet of contempt. Fraud dwe'ls Fein. but justice expels both from the

Shield of innocence and the guard of #from) reason and from Heaven. It is of the lol but in the blood. It is the origin of all to give to every one his due. In its

sutuse it comprehends the practice of every virtue which atuen pro cribes and society should expect. Our duty to our eamery, to each other, and to ourselves is answered if we give to them what we owe them. Properly speaking, it is the only virtue; all the rest have their origin in it. It discards party, 2ndship, and kindred. If it is not the rudder of all other tues, the faster we sail the further we will find ourselves from re we should be. It should be impartial, and from it there aad bene cape; like the dews from Heaven, it should cover nould be passionless, and, therefore, sure; like Ich appears to a few men ruin, and to all men fear. cultivated, venerated, and inculcated. Our chil

d be taught to know and understand and love it; to ...st and fear not"; and to "let all the ends they aim at be their country's, their God's, and truth's."