that all good is placed in the practice of virtue, and that all evil arises from iniquity, for righteousness exalteth a nation, but sin is a reproach to any people.

"But, before bringing Our address to a conclusion, We cannot refrain from attesting publicly and openly, what gratitude We feel towards those, Our most beloved and affectionate sons, who, deeply sympathising with Us in Our calamity, by an especial feeling of affectionate devotion towards Us, have. been pleased to send Us their oblations. Although such pious offerings bring Us no small comfort, yet, at the same time, We must confess, that Our heart is much oppressed, because We cannot but fear, in the lamentable condition of public affairs, lest, transported by an impulse of love, they may have exposed themselves, through their generous sacrifice, to severe inconvenience and loss.

"Finally, Venerable Brethren, We resign Ourself fully to the inscrutable decrees of the wisdom of God, by which He works out His own glory, whilst, with humility of heart, We render infinite thanks to the Lord, who has deemed Us worthy to suffer outrages for the sake of Christ Jesus, and to be thus in some degree conformed to the image of His passion; and We are ready, in faith, hope, patience, and humility, to suffer the most bitter travail and anguish, and to yield up even Our life for the Church, if by the shedding of Our blood, it were permitted Us to heal the calamities of the Church. In the meantime, O Venerable Brethren, let us not cease to offer humbly, by day and night, fervent prayers to the Lord God of mercy, and to conjure Him, by the merits of His only-begotten Son, to rescue His Holy Church, by His omnipotent right hand, from the great tempests by which it is tossed; and with the light of His Divine grace to illumine the minds of those who have gone astray; to conquer the hearts of the deceivers through the abundance of His mercy, in order that, all errors being banished, and all adversity removed, every one may see and recognise the light of truth and of justice, and walk in the unity of the Faith, and in the knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ. And let us never cease humbly to implore from Him

who is the author of peace in heaven, and who is Himself our peace, that all evils by which the Christian community is persecuted, being removed, He would deign to grant to the whole world the peace and tranquillity so much desired. And that the Almighty may more graciously lend an ear to our prayers, let us have recourse to mediators near Him, and first let us pray to the Most Holy Virgin, the Immaculate Mary, who is the Mother of the Lord, and our Mother, and who, as the Mother of Mercy, obtains what she entreats, and cannot but be heard. Let us also implore the intercession of Saint Peter, Prince of the Apostles, and of his fellow Apostle, St. Paul, and of all the Saints, who, having already become friends of God, reign with Him in Heaven, that through their merits and their prayers, the most merciful God may liberate the faithful from the rod of His anger, and protect them always, and make them glad with the abundance of His Divine benignity."

A very important document was this, which reproved the people, and flattered Austria with singular obsequiousness; praised the clergy and the faithful in France, but not the Government; gave a character for holiness to the Government and King of Naples; made grateful mention of even heterodox powers, but was silent as to Piedmont; reproved or calumniated every man, with the exception of one, who had held office in the Government of Pius IX. before and after the insurrection; implied that the statute was worthless, because it was the result of troublesome times, and the Cardinals knew how it had been produced. Assuredly, the Cardinals and the Court did know how it had been produced, because they alone had framed it; but the laity, who had read in the preamble that it was sanctioned by the Divine aid which had been implored, and the unanimous assent of the Cardinals of the Holy

Roman Church, and who had seen the most emphatic and sacred formulas of the Pontifical Chancery used under the inviolable seal of its sanction-the laity could not know, or even honestly suspect, that it had been given only to be taken back again.

CHAPTER III.

ADDRESS OF THE COMMITTEE OF BARRICADES, AND OF THE ASSEM~ BLY TO THE PEOPLE OF ROME.-ARRANGEMENTS MADE BY THE INVASION.-RESOLUTIONS OF THE GO

TRIUMVIRS.-NEAPOLITAN

FOR

VERNMENT.-THE SPANIARDS AT FIUMCINO.-PREPARATIONS
WAR.-ECONOMIC AND CIVIL DECREES.-AUSTRIAN INVASION.-TEXT
OF A PROCLAMATION BY MONSIGNOR BEDINI.-CONDITION OF ROME.
-RUMOURS.-ROBBERIES.-BLOODY VIOLENCE. MENACES.-TEXT
OF A PROCLAMATION OF THE TRIUMVIRS.-THE PROVINCES.-BO-
LOGNA. ADVICE OF MAMIANI ΤΟ THE CONSTITUTIONALISTS.-
DOCUMENTS.-ROMAGNA.-THE MARCHES.-UMBRIA. THE PAPAL

INSURRECTION STIRRED UP BY MONSIGNOR SAVELLI.-ASCOLI.-AD-
DRESSES OF THE MUNICIPALITY TO THE ROMAN GOVERNMENT.

LET us resume our narrative. Italians do fight: they had recently given proofs of it to the Austrians in many popular tumults and pitched battles; the Romans, fighting bravely on the 30th of April, testified it to General Oudinot. The jeerer was jeered in his turn. People," said the committee of barricades, "yesterday the entrance of the French into Rome began. They entered by the Porta San Pancrazio, they were brought in as prisoners. To us, the people of Rome, this is no great wonder. But it must, nevertheless,

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cause a curious sensation at Paris."

And in another proclamation, mentioning the damage which had been done by bullets to one of the tapestries of Raphael in the Vatican, and by the French

artillery, which had fired at the wonderful dome of St. Peter's, they used these words, in order to give to the world an idea of the barbarous devastations committed by the French:

"People! General Oudinot promised to pay for all and everything, in ready money. So be it. Let him pay, if he can, for the tapestry by Raphael which French bullets have pierced; let him pay for the damage-nay, more than damage -the insult, which he has hurled against Michael Angelo."

And in the Government Gazette they said :

"The generals of the French Government repeatedly affirmed you would not fight. Our soldiers have already given the lie to the infamous calumny."

These words, together with the retreat of the assailants, the sight of the prisoners, and the complacency occasioned by victory, excited in the minds of the elated people feelings of pride, which spurred them on to give an example worthy of an illustrious antiquity. "Persevere," said the Assembly from the Quirinal, where it was now sitting; "persevere; in Rome you defend Italy, and the Republican cause of the world."

In the meantime, Triumvirs and Ministers, Deputies and Commissioners, used every possible exertion to maintain the devotion of the people to the Republic, and to make preparations for a more serious defence. They attended the wounded with the greatest care, provided magnificent funerals for those who had fallen, and gave sympathy and compensation to their families; they applied themselves to the amelioration of the condition of prisons, arranging that the spacious con