which some excellent and liberal men were associated with others who were distinguished only by their devotion to the fortunes of the clergy. The French had placed an officer of the name of Chappuis as Commissioner over the police department; then a person of the name of Rouxeau, with a man called Mangin as his secretary; but meantime, the old Papal police was gradually revived, and undertook the execution of the harsh proceedings and acts in which the French would not participate. The publication of any journal whatever was forbidden, all assemblages prohibited, and not only gatherings in the streets, but even groups of more than five citizens. The Civic Guard was disarmed, all the soldiers banished from Rome, all foreigners sent away, together with all Italians and persons from the provinces suspected of attachment to the Republic, or of aversion to the reviving Government. Freddi, Allai, and others, who had been a long time in prison, were set at liberty (and this was justice); many unfornate citizens of Faenza, once the arm of the Sanfedist faction, afterwards the mark for the vengeance of the ultra-Liberals, were set at liberty (and this was justice also); these men, however, were not only set at liberty, but they were placed in the service of the police, and this was a foolish and factious step. The tribunals were all restored, lay, mixed, and ecclesiastical; the Holy Office, also, with all its ancient jurisdictions, of which the General constituted himself the public defender in the following letter, which he ordered to be printed :— "The regular course of justice has been interrupted for many months. It is in order to remedy such a state of

things, no less prejudicial to the interests of the people of Rome, than to those of public morality, that the appointment of a Commissioner General of Grace and Justice has been made.

"It is the province of his Holiness alone to determine the limits of all the jurisdictions, and it is not for me to make other than provisional arrangements, in order to leave entire freedom to the Administration, which the Holy Father will not delay to establish. On the other hand, it has been deemed expedient that the causes depending on the ecclesiastical tribunals should be reserved. From this it results, Monsignor, that the rights of your jurisdiction cannot be infringed, and I shall be the first to defend them against any attack which may be made upon them."

As soon as the French had restored all the clerical institutions in Rome, as the Austrians had done in the provinces, or rather with greater pomp and more noise, and with an astonishing degree of humility and submission, the Pope issued a manifesto from Gaeta on the 17th of July, which was published at Rome on the 21st, in this form :

"Pius P. P. IX. To his most beloved Subjects.

God hath raised his right hand on high, and hath commanded the tempestuous sea of anarchy and impiety to be stilled. He hath guided the Catholic arms to sustain the rights of oppressed humanity; of the faith which has been attacked; and of the Holy See and of Our Sovereignty. Eternal praise be to Him, who in the midst of justice remembers mercy.

"Most beloved Subjects, though Our heart was overwhelmed with grief amidst the vortex of fearful vicissitudes, and at sight of the so great suffering endured by the Church, by religion and yourselves, it hath not lost any of the affection with which it hath always loved you, and will love you ever. We will hasten, by Our wishes, the day which shall bring Us amongst you once more, and when it shall have arrived, We will return, filled with

the lively desire to bring you comfort, and the will to occupy Ourself with all Our might about the things which concern your real good, applying certain remedies to most serious evils, and consoling Our good subjects, who, whilst they look for institutions such as may satisfy their necessities, desire, even as We desire, to see the liberty and the independence of the Supreme Pontiff, so necessary to the tranquillity of the Catholic world, guaranteed.

"Meantime We are about to nominate, for the re-establishment of public business, a Commission which, accredited with full powers, and assisted by a Ministry, may conduct the government of the State. The benediction of the Lord, which We have ever implored when far distant from you, We now implore with still greater fervour, praying that it may descend abundantly upon you, and it is a great consolation to Our soul to trust that all those who have hitherto been determined to render themselves incapable of enjoying its fruits, through their transgressions, may become worthy of it, by means of a sincere and lasting repentance."

Thus the Pontiff broke the silence which was so painful to the French; but he did not, as yet, explain himself with regard to the institutions and the form of government; he received the French into his favour, and deputed their Commissioners to govern in the capital conquered and garrisoned by them; but he would not yet go to Rome himself, for he was still waiting for larger guarantees and further experience. Nor could the French gain any other result from their perverse system of policy than the driblets, with which they were obliged to be content, at the sacrifice of dignity; and notwithstanding all the boasting which they had made, and still continued to utter, and the vain jabbering which sounded very differently in Paris from that which went on in Rome, and in Rome very

differently from that which went on at Gaeta, could they hope that Pius would consent to be led back to Rome unless they offered him larger guarantees and incurred greater humiliation to themselves, that is, while they showed any intention of protecting him after their own fashion, and dictating the law to him. Meantime they feigned to be satisfied with the Manifesto from Gaeta, and continued to hold out hopes of great liberality; they boasted that they had overcome all resistance, and hinted that the institutions which the Pope had promised would be something stupendous. But the people of Rome could ill accommodate themselves to the restoration of the sacerdotal oligarchy now that the national spirit had been for three years past awakened in Rome, the sweets of freedom tasted for some time by the good, and the fruits of unbridled licence by the evil-disposed-now, too, that the desire for lay emancipation and civil equality was just and universal, Latin pride resuscitated, and plebeian cupidity sharpened. As the number of those who had fought for Italy and Rome, and who had experienced the joys of victory and the sorrows of defeat, was great; many the wounded in Italian and Roman combats; fresh the memory of the dead in the hearts of their relations and friends; many the families bereft of their beloved ones, who had been sent into exile; as the Romans knew but too well the tender mercies of the Court, and the blessings of the fundamental institutions which had been already restored, it was natural that they should scorn the celebrated Manifesto, and hold the French in contempt and hatred. Therefore, although the French were

strong as regarded their army, and the Romans defenceless, though they had full power over the citizens, from whom all liberty had been taken; and though the clergy was puffed up with pride and honour,-still, in spite of all this, insults and outrages were committed in Rome against the clergy and the French soldiers, and the temper of the city was exceedingly threatening. So much so, that loud and bitter complaints were uttered in the public streets against the clerical dominion, and the same kind of calumnies launched forth against the Pope and the Cardinals, which had been heard during the very heat of the Mazzinian rule: the Manifesto of the Pope was torn in pieces, and covered with mud, whilst the French officers met with nothing but sour looks; they were alone in the streets, alone in the theatres, alone in every place of public resort; not a salutation, not a shake of the hand was given them; even those who paid them court in private, dared not show them any courtesy in public; whoever ventured to do so was a mark for the finger of scorn; every woman was unsparingly abused who did not give them a frown. They were greatly annoyed at all this, but as the discipline of the army was strict, and many of the officers and soldiers, actuated by kindly feelings, made allowances for the causes which had produced such contempt and irritation, they patiently endured behaviour such as soldiers in general readily resent. Whilst the generals and superior officers attributed the dislike of the citizens and the insults of the populace to the perfidy of factions, and thought that they merited thanks for the enterprise

VOL. IV.

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