steps which the world at large might impute to the foreigners who were counselling and assisting him, answered that he could not publish a Manifesto for his people, until the French had completely restored his Government in the city now occupied by their army. "It would not appear," he said, "the spontaneous provision of a free and independent Sovereign, but a condition imposed by his protectors; let them complete their work first, and he would speak afterwards; let them destroy all the relics of the Revolution, for it was quite time to do so; let them restore the Papal Government in reality, and then the Pope would do his part, as became a Pope." The French, impatient to get him back to Rome, and fearful lest he might throw himself into the arms of the Austrians, thought of nothing now but how to please him and the Court, which was already raising its head to the skies, and aiming at absolute dominion in its heart. The Parisian Government had undertaken the task of conquering Rome for two purposes. One was to hinder the influence of Austria from preponderating throughout the whole of Italy, and to find means for enabling the counsels, or, as they say, the influence, of France in some degree to prevail; the other to moderate the return of the past system, and to establish a form of government which might restore the people to tranquillity. If France had, from the beginning, persevered in carrying out both these objects with sagacity, she would either have succeeded or she would, at least, have secured her own reputation and dignity. But that required patience, modesty, and prudence,

qualities in which the French are especially deficient, for they are always impatient to cut all difficulties with the sword, and finish in hot haste deeds which time alone can bring to completion. Before consenting to the Roman crusade, the French Government (and here it would have had England on its side, if not its associate) might have demanded that the terms of the restoration should be agreed upon. In that case, neither Austria, Spain, nor Naples would have been able to attempt or carry out any violent measures against the will of France. Having landed at Cività Vecchia without any stipulation, and made the other invaders understand, as indeed they did, that they were determined not to be interfered with in the taking of Rome, the French might have warned the Court at Gaeta that they would not retake Rome for the Pope, unless honourable and moderate conditions of government were first conceded. I know well that the Papal Court would not have easily yielded; perhaps, indeed, it would have raised a noise in the world, certainly it would have procrastinated obstinately, according to its wont; but if the French in their turn had also procrastinated obstinately, they would at last have triumphed over the obstinacy of the Court, for they had arms, and against arms complaints are of no avail, and the other crusaders did not wish, nor had they the power, to make war against France, merely to please the clergy. Instead of this, the French wanted to hurry on too fast: "To Rome! to Rome!" they cried; "when we are at Rome, the Pope-excellent man that he is-will yield to our wishes from gratitude; he will be benevolent to

the people from his love of justice, and humane and liberal for conscience sake; and if he should yield, in spite of us, to the arts of his counsellors, we shall still be masters of Rome." So they went to Rome; and that which, in their opinion, was to be a triumph over Austria, over Naples and Gaeta, turned out to be a defeat for France. And so it ought to have been; for as they had conquered Rome for the Pope, they were obliged to give it up to the Pope-and as he wanted to have uncontrolled power over it, it was necessary to restore it to him at his pleasure, unless it pleased France to recommence the Revolution, which she neither wished nor could. In short, the French having brought themselves, by their own mistakes, under the necessity of either offending against the sovereignty of the Pope to please the people, and secure the preservation of their own dignity, or of oppressing the people and giving themselves a bad name in order to please the Pope, the triumph of the Gaetan Court was secured.

It was already known in Rome that the Pontifical Government would be restored in its integrity; the Speranza dell' Epoca, a journal which had demanded the restitution of the Statute, was condemned to silence; all liberal writings prohibited; priests and monks and their followers went about seeking suffrages, woe to those who gave or asked for liberal votes. French Generals and French Commissioners seemed turned into puppets of the priests; a long robe, a little silk mantle, a hood, threw them into ecstacies; there were bowings and scrapings and grimaces without

end. The Duke de Reggio, boasting with singular modesty on the services which he had rendered to the Church, requested the aid of their valuable wisdom from the Deputation who complimented him in the name of the clergy; he styled the clergy and the army pillars of the present, guiding stars of the future, both the one and the other troops militant; the same kind of discipline existed in both, they had the same social ministry. On the 14th July he published the following proclamation:

"Romans! Since our entry into the city, numerous indications have proved that Rome was only waiting the moment in which, freed from a rule of oppression and anarchy, she might anew give proof of her fidelity and gratitude towards the generous Pontiff, to whom she is indebted for her initiation into freedom. France has never doubted the existence of these sentiments. By restoring the temporal sovereignty of the Head of the Church in the capital of the Christian world, she realises the wishes of the whole Catholic world. Ever since his assumption of the supreme dignity, the illustrious Pius IX. has given proofs of the generous sentiments by which he is animated towards his people. The Sovereign Pontiff appreciates your desires and your necessities. FRANCE KNOWS IT; your fidelity will receive its reward."

Nor was there wanting religious pomp. Whenever was there a lack of Te Deums? On the 15th of July the artillery which, only a few days before, had terrified the people of Rome with its thunder, and sent destruction into their city, resounded now in honour of a festival; those very bells which had sounded the tocsin, sent forth peals of joy, and the rejoicing troops marched to St. Peter's, where swarms of generals, colonels, and ambassadors, with crowds of the curious,

were assembled, and Cardinal Castracane intoned the canticle of thanksgiving, and gave the blessing. After the sacred came the profane. Cardinal Tosti preached a sermon, addressed to General Oudinot, to the Liberator of Rome, who had saved it from the horrors of war, who had cleansed it from the monsters which dishonour the human race. He celebrated the General and his enterprise in high-sounding phrases; he said that all the good wept over the French blood which had been shed; he gave thanks because the Liberator had reinstated him in the office of President of the Hospital of San Michele. Speechifying having thus begun in the Church, General Oudinot's turn came next; he said that the merit of the enterprise was due to France, not to him; and to Providence the victory which had freed Rome from a foreign yoke, and restored the temporal Government of the Pope, amidst the approbation of the whole Catholic world. Then Cardinal Tosti replied that the words of the General were dictated by the Spirit of God, who would bless France and him. Thus, within the walls of St. Peter's; outside, in the Piazza of the Vatican, one of the popular orators preached another sermon on the triumph of religion and the Pope, and the General answered, that France was the instrument employed by Providence; that the restoration of the Pontifical Government was a social and religious work; that he had made war, not on the Romans, BUT ON THE FOREIGNERS!

The Magistrates of the Municipal Council having tendered their resignations, the General nominated a Council, presided over by Prince Pietro Odelscalchi, in