"Amidst the testimonies of sympathy with which we were received where the real sentiments of the true people of Rome were incontestable, some hostile demonstrations were made, which we have found ourselves obliged immediately to suppress.

"Let all well-disposed people, therefore, and all true friends of liberty, take courage, and let the enemies of order and of society know that if they ever renew their oppressive demonstrations at the instigation of a foreign faction, they shall be severely punished. I make the following provisions to guarantee effectually the public safety:

"All power is temporarily vested in the hands of the military authorities, who will immediately request the co-operation of the municipal authorities. The Assembly and the Government, whose violent and oppressive reign began by ingratitude, and ended by an impious war against a nation friendly to the population of Rome, have ceased to exist. Clubs and political associations are closed; all publications by the press are temporarily prohibited, and all placards not permitted by the military authority. Offences against the person and against property will be investigated and punished by the military tribunals. General Rostolan is nominated Governor of Rome, Brigadier-General Sauvan, Commandant, and Colonel Sol, Commandant of the Garrison."

Colonel Niel, of the Engineers, was despatched to Gaeta at this juncture, to announce the news of the taking of Rome to the Pope, who received him with great honour, and having given him his benediction, wrote thus to General Oudinot:

"General,

"The tried valour of the French, impelled by the justice of the cause which they defended, has reaped victory as its merited reward. Receive my congratulations, General, on the merit which principally belongs to you; congratulations, not on the blood which has been shed, for that my heart abhors,

but on the triumph of order over anarchy, and on the liberty restored to all Christian and honest men, which will make it no longer a crime to enjoy the blessings that the Lord has imparted, and to adore Him with the religious solemnity of public worship, without running the risk of losing life or liberty. I put my trust in the Divine protection, to overcome the serious difficulties which may possibly arise hereafter.

"I believe that it will not be useless for the French army to be made acquainted with the history of the facts which have taken place during my Pontificate, as they are narrated in my Allocution, with which you, General, are acquainted. I will, therefore, send you a certain number of copies to distribute as you may deem expedient. This document will sufficiently prove that the triumph of the army has been obtained over the enemies of civilised society, and that your victory ought to cause nothing but sentiments of gratitude in the breasts of all honest men, both in Europe and in the whole world.

"Colonel Niel, who brought me the keys of Rome, together with your letter, will remit you my reply. I have much pleasure in availing myself of this opportunity of expressing to you the sentiments of paternal affection which I entertain towards the French Army, towards the Government, and towards the whole of France.

"Receive my Apostolic Benediction, which I bestow upon you heartily.

"Given at Gaeta, this 5th July, 1849.

"PIUS, P. P. IX."

In the meantime the Triumvirs, and those who had signalised themselves the most during the Revolution, took their departure from Rome, with English and American passports; none of them were molested by the French, except Cernuschi, who was arrested at Cività Vecchia. Romans, Italians, and foreigners crowded the ships; the young and the aged, nobles and plebeians, soldiers and women, priests and magis

trates, the flower of honourable men, and the dregs of the rabble! A lamentable spectacle!

Under favour of night Garibaldi escaped from the French, under the guidance of Ciceruacchio, and arrived at Tivoli on the morning of the 3rd, with all his followers, and a great quantity of waggons, baggage, and ammunition. As long as he had any hope of being followed by the other Roman troops, and the Commissioners of the Assembly, he intended to go to Spoleto, a city conveniently adapted, in his opinion, for defence, and not yet occupied by the enemy; and after having established the seat of Government there, to hoist once more the standard of the Republic, and renew the desperate war. But when this hope had vanished, he directed his audacious thoughts to Venice, which was still magnanimously resisting the Austrians; but he wished to avoid pitched battles, to reach the Adriatic by unbeaten paths, and thence to set sail for the Lagune. He was accompanied by the few surviving fellow-soldiers who had followed him from America, where, with him, they had cast a lustre on Italian valour, and had shared in all the adventures of the war. He was also accompanied by his Anita, his devoted wife, a lady of Brazilian origin, who had made him father of three sons, and was about to give birth to a fourth child, and who had always fought at his side with masculine energy. They left Tivoli at the close of day, on the 3rd of July, and passed the night at Monticelli; the following day they reached Monte Rotondo, whence they took their departure on the 6th, traversed the Via Salara towards Poggio Mirteto, and

with severe and long-continued fatigue crossed the hills which descend from the Apennines, and arrived at Terni, with all their baggage, on the 9th.

Thus Garibaldi baffled the designs of General Oudinot, who had ordered him to be pursued by the first division of his army; on the roads leading to Albano, Frascati, and Tivoli, by General Mollier; and by the Cavalry under General Morris, on the roads to Cività Vecchia, Castellana, Orvieto, and Viterbo; but neither the French, Spanish, nor Neapolitans succeeded in cutting off his march. Having found Colonel Forbes, at Terni, with 900 men, he gave him the command of one legion, the other was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Sacchi; the cavalry by an American called Bueno; each legion was formed of three cohorts, each cohort of five or six centuries.

On the night of the 11th they left Terni, and moved on towards Todi, by way of San Gemini, arriving there on the 13th. News from Tuscany had reached the place before their arrival; it was stated that the minds of the people were boiling over with anger, because the Grand Duke had not only delivered up rebellious Leghorn into the power of the Austrians, but even Florence-which had restored him to his Duchy by means of the courage of the people-Florence, beautiful Florence, was overrun by the Croats; the Austrians were few and scattered, the passion of revenge was burning in the hearts of the people; if the Romans passed the confines, Tuscany would rise to a man; Garibaldi, therefore, determined to try his fortune there, with the intention, if the Tuscan enter

prise should fail, to repass the Apennines and repair to the Adriatic. Having found some guns at Todi, he took one which was small and light, left the waggons, horses, and superfluous ammunition behind him, and prepared for his departure.

Two high roads lead from Todi into Tuscany, one which passes by way of Viterbo and Acqua Pendente to Siena; the other, which leads through Perugia, to Arezzo, both of them occupied by the Austrians. As soon as D'Aspre, of Florence, Gorzowsky and Wimpffen, of the Legations, heard of the movements of the Roman refugees, they reduced the garrisons in the cities they occupied, that they might give chase to the rebels. The Neapolitan General Statella, with a large force, was in the Abruzzi, the French were encamped at Collesecco, and had occupied Viterbo; there seemed no way of escape. But Garibaldi, who was experienced in that kind of warfare, triumphed over natural obstacles, and over the tactics of the enemy; he sent a troop of horse under the very walls of Foligno, six companies towards Perugia, and two towards Viterbo, to keep the Austrians and French at bay on the left bank of the Tiber, and directed that one party should cross the river near the Lake of Thrasimene, the other near Bagnorea and Orvieto, and that they should reach Cetona on the 19th. On the morning of the 15th, he left Todi with the main body of his troops, and crossed the Tiber; on the 16th he was at Orvieto half-an-hour before the French reached it, and arriving in Tuscany by way of Ficulle and Citta della Pieve, occupied Cetona on the 19th, the place hav