Speech and Hearing in Communication

acuity amplitude approximately articulation index articulation scores articulation tests attenuation audiogram audiometer auditory average basilar membrane Bell Telephone Laboratories binaural calculated carbon microphone characteristic Chart cochlea complex tone components consonants corresponding crew critical band curve in Fig CUT OFF FREQUENCY cycles per second deafness determined difference displacement effect equal equation experimental filter system FREQUENCY IN CYCLES frequency region fricative consonants given in Table glottis harmonics hearing loss helicotrema indicated intensity level listener loudness level LOW PASS masker tone maximum measurements method microphone monaural nerve endings observed obtained PASS HIGH PASS percent phase pitch plotted position pressure level produced pure tone R₁ range reference tone RESPONSE IN DECIBELS room noise seen sensation level shown in Fig speech power speech sounds stapes stimulation syllable talker talking level threshold level THRESHOLD SHIFT typical unity unvoiced values versus vibration vocal cords voice vowel zero